Google Professional Cloud Network Engineer Exam Dumps and Practice Test Questions Set1 Q1-20

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Question 1:

Your company is deploying a multi-region application on Google Cloud. You need to design a network that ensures low latency, high availability, and secure internal communication between microservices in different regions. Which networking solution should you implement?

A) Use separate VPCs in each region connected via VPN tunnels.
B) Deploy a single VPC with multiple subnets across regions using VPC peering.
C) Use a Shared VPC with subnets in multiple regions and private Google access.
D) Deploy multiple VPCs with Cloud Interconnect to connect them.

Answer: C) Use a Shared VPC with subnets in multiple regions and private Google access.

Explanation:

A) Using separate VPCs in each region connected via VPN tunnels might initially seem like a straightforward approach to isolating resources regionally. However, VPN tunnels traverse the public internet, which can introduce significant latency and affect reliability. Each tunnel requires careful configuration of routes and encryption policies, which becomes increasingly complex as more regions are added. High-availability and low-latency communication between microservices across regions is difficult to guarantee with this setup. Furthermore, operational overhead increases dramatically, since monitoring, failover, and maintenance must be handled individually for every tunnel. While VPNs can be suitable for temporary or backup connectivity, they are not optimal for large-scale multi-region deployments.

B) Deploying a single VPC with multiple subnets across regions using VPC peering reduces exposure to the public internet and provides private connectivity between VPCs. However, VPC peering has a key limitation: it does not support transitive routing. This means that each VPC must maintain individual peering relationships to communicate with other VPCs, creating a complex web of connections as the network scales. Managing firewall rules and network policies across numerous peerings becomes challenging, and operational complexity grows as more regions and services are added. While VPC peering is effective for limited inter-VPC communication, it does not provide the centralized control or simplified security management needed for large-scale, multi-region applications.

C) Using a Shared VPC with subnets in multiple regions and private Google access is the most effective solution for this scenario. A Shared VPC allows a host project to centrally manage networking resources while multiple service projects consume those resources securely. Multi-region subnets enable low-latency, high-availability communication between services, leveraging Google Cloud’s private backbone. Private Google access ensures that resources can access Google APIs and services without using public IPs, which improves security and reduces exposure. This approach simplifies routing, centralizes firewall rules, and allows consistent application of IAM policies across projects, making network management much more efficient and scalable than either separate VPCs or VPC peering.

D) Deploying multiple VPCs with Cloud Interconnect provides private, high-bandwidth connections and can be useful when connecting on-premises environments to Google Cloud. However, for internal multi-region cloud communication entirely within Google Cloud, this approach is overly complex and costly. It requires careful route management, additional monitoring, and does not inherently simplify network administration compared to Shared VPC. While Cloud Interconnect is excellent for hybrid architectures requiring high throughput, it is not necessary for purely internal multi-region communication, and Shared VPC achieves the same goals with greater efficiency and less operational overhead.

Question 2:

You have an on-premises data center that needs to connect to Google Cloud securely with high throughput and low latency. The connection must support multiple VPCs and regions. Which solution is most appropriate?

A) Cloud VPN with HA configuration
B) Dedicated Cloud Interconnect
C) VPC peering between on-premises and cloud VPCs
D) Public IP endpoints with HTTPS

Answer: B) Dedicated Cloud Interconnect

Explanation:

A) Cloud VPN with HA (high availability) provides encrypted connections over the public internet between your on-premises network and Google Cloud. While this can offer secure connectivity and redundancy through multiple VPN tunnels, it has inherent limitations in throughput and latency. VPNs rely on public internet routes, which can fluctuate in performance, making them less ideal for applications that require consistently low latency or large data transfers. Additionally, managing multiple VPNs across different regions and VPCs can increase operational complexity, making scaling cumbersome. While Cloud VPN is suitable for smaller workloads or backup connections, it may not meet the requirements for high-throughput, multi-region connectivity.

B) Dedicated Cloud Interconnect is the most appropriate solution for this scenario. It provides a private, high-bandwidth, low-latency connection directly between your on-premises network and Google Cloud. Dedicated Interconnect supports multiple VLAN attachments, allowing connectivity to several VPCs and regions without traversing the public internet. This ensures predictable performance and reliability, which is crucial for mission-critical applications. Furthermore, Dedicated Interconnect integrates with Google Cloud’s routing and redundancy features, allowing you to design a resilient multi-region architecture. The setup simplifies management because all routing can be centralized, and you can leverage private IP ranges for secure communication with multiple VPCs. Compared to VPN, it is more scalable and suitable for large-scale deployments.

C) VPC peering between on-premises and cloud VPCs is not feasible because VPC peering in Google Cloud is limited to connections between cloud VPCs. It does not support direct peering with on-premises networks. Attempting to use peering for this purpose would be technically impossible, and even if workarounds were implemented, they would add unnecessary complexity and reduce reliability. VPC peering is best suited for private communication between cloud networks, not for hybrid connectivity with external infrastructure.

D) Public IP endpoints with HTTPS allow your on-premises network to communicate with Google Cloud services over the public internet using secure protocols. While this provides basic encryption and is easy to implement, it does not meet the requirements for high throughput or low latency. Internet routing can introduce variability and potential congestion, and it does not provide private, dedicated connectivity to multiple VPCs or regions. This approach is only suitable for low-volume interactions or accessing specific Google APIs but is insufficient for large-scale, performance-sensitive, hybrid cloud deployments.

Question 3:

You need to deploy a global web application that automatically distributes traffic to users based on proximity and supports SSL termination. Which Google Cloud service should you use?

A) Cloud Load Balancing with global HTTP(S)
B) VPC internal load balancer
C) Cloud CDN without load balancing
D) Cloud Armor with regional endpoints

Answer: A) Cloud Load Balancing with global HTTP(S)

Explanation:

A) Cloud Load Balancing with global HTTP(S) is ideal for global web applications because it automatically directs users to the nearest backend based on latency and location. It supports SSL termination at the edge, reducing load on backend instances and enhancing security. It integrates seamlessly with Cloud CDN to cache content near users, further improving performance. Its global architecture also provides high availability, as traffic can failover to healthy backends in other regions if one region experiences an outage.

B) VPC internal load balancer is designed for internal traffic within a VPC or between internal services. It does not support global traffic distribution or SSL termination at the edge. While it’s useful for microservice communication inside Google Cloud, it does not meet the requirements for a publicly accessible global web application.

C) Cloud CDN without load balancing provides caching at Google’s edge locations but cannot route traffic intelligently or terminate SSL connections. CDN alone does not manage backend routing, so you would need an additional service to handle global traffic distribution. Relying solely on CDN could result in inefficient traffic routing and limited failover capabilities.

D) Cloud Armor is a security service that protects applications from DDoS attacks and provides WAF rules. While critical for securing a web application, it does not distribute traffic or perform load balancing on its own. Cloud Armor must be combined with load balancing to manage traffic globally and support SSL termination.

Question 4:

You are designing a hybrid cloud network. Your on-premises network uses overlapping IP ranges with Google Cloud VPCs. You need connectivity without modifying the on-premises IPs. Which approach should you take?

A) Cloud VPN with NAT and custom routes
B) VPC peering
C) Dedicated Interconnect without VLANs
D) Public IP connections

Answer: A) Cloud VPN with NAT and custom routes

Explanation:

A) Using Cloud VPN with NAT (Network Address Translation) allows the resolution of overlapping IP ranges by translating traffic from on-premises to unique ranges in the cloud. Custom routes can then direct traffic appropriately without modifying the original on-premises IPs. This approach is flexible, cost-effective, and ensures that existing on-premises services remain operational while connecting securely to Google Cloud. It also supports HA configurations for resilience.

B) VPC peering cannot resolve overlapping IP ranges because it requires unique, non-overlapping CIDRs. Attempting to peer networks with overlapping subnets will fail, making this approach unsuitable for hybrid networks with conflicting IPs.

C) Dedicated Interconnect provides high-throughput connectivity but does not inherently solve overlapping IP conflicts. VLAN attachments do not translate IPs, so using Interconnect alone without NAT or additional route configuration will not resolve the overlapping IP problem.

D) Public IP connections could allow communication over the internet, but this approach lacks privacy, predictability, and low-latency guarantees. Additionally, NAT translation would still be required, and managing multiple public IP endpoints for hybrid connectivity is operationally complex.

Question 5:

Your team wants to secure access to a set of Google Cloud services by only allowing traffic from specific IP addresses and blocking malicious traffic. Which solution should you implement?

A) Cloud Armor with security policies
B) IAM roles only
C) Firewall rules on each VM
D) Cloud VPN

Answer: A) Cloud Armor with security policies

Explanation:

A) Cloud Armor provides centralized security policies that can filter traffic by IP address, geographic location, or application-level rules. It is designed to protect applications from DDoS attacks and other malicious traffic while allowing authorized users. By defining security policies, administrators can enforce access control at the edge, preventing unauthorized traffic from reaching backend services. This solution scales globally and integrates with Cloud Load Balancing for high availability.

B) IAM roles control access to APIs and resources but cannot filter network traffic or prevent malicious requests from reaching services. Relying solely on IAM leaves applications vulnerable to network-based attacks.

C) Firewall rules on individual VMs allow IP-based restrictions, but managing rules per VM is operationally heavy, error-prone, and does not scale well for large deployments. Centralized management through Cloud Armor is more effective.

D) Cloud VPN provides secure connectivity for private traffic but does not filter traffic by IP or detect malicious activity. VPN is suitable for connecting trusted networks, not for public-facing application security.

Question 6:

Your organization wants to monitor all egress and ingress traffic for VPCs in Google Cloud for auditing and troubleshooting. Which solution provides centralized network logging?

A) VPC Flow Logs
B) Cloud Audit Logs only
C) Firewall rules logging individually
D) Cloud Monitoring dashboards

Answer: A) VPC Flow Logs

Explanation:

A) VPC Flow Logs capture all network flows to and from VMs within a VPC, providing detailed visibility into egress and ingress traffic. This includes metadata such as source and destination IPs, ports, protocols, and bytes transferred. The logs can be exported to BigQuery, Cloud Storage, or Pub/Sub for analysis, auditing, and troubleshooting. Centralized logging allows teams to identify anomalous behavior, monitor compliance, and improve security posture.

B) Cloud Audit Logs track administrative API activity rather than actual network flows. While helpful for auditing configuration changes, they do not provide traffic-level details needed for comprehensive network monitoring.

C) Firewall rule logging allows visibility into traffic allowed or denied by individual rules. However, it only reports traffic that matches specific rules, so it is not comprehensive. Managing this for multiple firewalls is complex and less efficient than VPC Flow Logs.

D) Cloud Monitoring dashboards provide visualization but require underlying data sources like VPC Flow Logs. Dashboards alone do not capture raw network flows and cannot serve as a standalone logging solution.

Question 7:

You need to design a multi-region backend architecture for a latency-sensitive application. The application must automatically fail over if a region goes down. Which architecture should you choose?

A) Global HTTP(S) Load Balancing with multiple regional backends
B) Regional internal load balancers with health checks
C) Cloud CDN only
D) VPC peering between regions

Answer: A) Global HTTP(S) Load Balancing with multiple regional backends

Explanation:

A) Global HTTP(S) Load Balancing is ideal for multi-region deployment because it distributes traffic based on proximity and automatically routes users to healthy backends. If a regional backend fails, the load balancer fails over to other regions without user intervention. Health checks continuously monitor backend status, ensuring traffic is routed to functioning instances. Integration with Cloud CDN can further reduce latency for static content, while SSL termination at the edge improves security and performance.

B) Regional internal load balancers only handle traffic within a single region or a specific VPC, so they cannot provide global failover. For multi-region applications, they lack the intelligence to route users to the nearest healthy region automatically, meaning that if a region goes down, there is no built-in mechanism to redirect traffic to a healthy region elsewhere. Additionally, regional internal load balancers operate at Layer 4 (TCP/UDP) and do not offer features such as content-based routing, SSL termination, or edge caching, which are critical for globally distributed applications. This limitation makes them suitable only for internal, regional workloads rather than enterprise-grade, multi-region applications requiring high availability, low latency, and automated failover.

C) Cloud CDN improves content delivery speed by caching static content at edge locations close to users, reducing latency and offloading traffic from backend servers. However, it does not handle dynamic traffic routing or failover for backend applications, meaning that requests for dynamic content still need to be served by the origin servers. In multi-region deployments, Cloud CDN cannot automatically direct traffic to the nearest healthy backend or manage regional outages. It is a complementary solution designed to enhance performance for cacheable content, but it cannot replace a multi-region load balancer that provides global routing, automatic failover, health checks, and intelligent traffic management across regions.

D) VPC peering allows private connectivity between VPCs but does not provide traffic distribution, failover, or load balancing. Peering alone cannot manage latency-sensitive global traffic or automatically reroute users during regional failures.

Question 8:

Your team wants to connect multiple VPCs across different projects within the same organization while keeping centralized control of network policies. Which approach is most suitable?

A) VPC peering
B) Shared VPC
C) Cloud VPN between each VPC
D) Public IP connections

Answer: B) Shared VPC

Explanation:

A) VPC peering allows private communication between VPCs, but it does not provide centralized control. Each peered network manages its own firewall rules and routes, which can make consistent policy enforcement difficult. Peering also cannot span multiple projects with a central administrative point, limiting its utility for organizations needing centralized management.

B) Shared VPC allows a host project to define and centrally manage networking resources, while service projects can attach workloads to those resources. This approach provides consistent firewall rules, IAM-based access control, and simplified routing across multiple VPCs and projects. It is ideal for organizations that need both resource isolation and centralized network policy enforcement. Subnets in multiple regions can be shared, supporting scalable, secure, multi-project deployments.

C) Cloud VPN between each VPC could technically enable connectivity but introduces complexity and overhead. Each VPC pair would require VPN configuration, route management, and redundancy considerations. This solution scales poorly and is operationally heavy compared to Shared VPC.

D) Public IP connections expose traffic over the internet, which is insecure and difficult to manage at scale. It lacks private connectivity and centralized policy enforcement, making it unsuitable for connecting multiple internal VPCs across projects.

Question 9:

You want to accelerate content delivery for a global user base while reducing load on your backend servers. Which solution should you implement?

A) Cloud CDN
B) VPC internal load balancer
C) Cloud VPN
D) Cloud Interconnect

Answer: A) Cloud CDN

Explanation:

A) Cloud CDN caches content at Google’s edge locations, bringing it closer to end users. By serving static and cacheable content from nearby edge nodes, latency is reduced, and the backend servers handle fewer requests, improving scalability and performance. Cloud CDN integrates with global HTTP(S) Load Balancing for intelligent traffic routing and automatic cache invalidation, making it ideal for global content acceleration.

B) VPC internal load balancer is for internal traffic distribution within a VPC. It does not provide edge caching, global delivery, or latency reduction for public users, so it cannot fulfill the requirement of accelerating content delivery globally.

C) Cloud VPN provides secure connectivity by establishing IPsec-encrypted tunnels between on-premises networks and Google Cloud, ensuring that data transmitted over the public internet remains private and protected from interception or tampering. While it is highly effective for hybrid network connectivity, it does not provide caching, edge acceleration, or optimization for global user access. Traffic still traverses standard network paths, so latency improvements for end users are minimal. Cloud VPN’s primary role is secure site-to-site connectivity, not performance enhancement for globally distributed applications.

D) Cloud Interconnect offers high-bandwidth, low-latency private connectivity between on-premises networks and Google Cloud, providing a secure and reliable transport path for enterprise workloads. It is ideal for applications that require consistent performance, high throughput, or large-scale data transfers between on-premises infrastructure and Google Cloud. However, Cloud Interconnect does not cache content at the edge or optimize content delivery for users located in different regions globally. While it improves network reliability and bandwidth for backend communications, it does not reduce latency for end users accessing applications worldwide, making it insufficient for improving global application performance or user experience.

Question 10:

You need to implement a solution to inspect and filter malicious traffic for a global application. Which service should you choose?

A) Cloud Armor
B) Cloud VPN
C) Firewall rules on individual VMs
D) IAM roles

Answer: A) Cloud Armor

Explanation:

A) Cloud Armor provides centralized, global protection for applications against DDoS attacks, SQL injection, cross-site scripting, and other malicious traffic. It integrates with Google Cloud Load Balancing to enforce security policies at the edge, blocking unauthorized or harmful requests before they reach backend servers. Security policies can filter traffic based on IP addresses, geographic location, and application-layer attributes. This global capability makes it ideal for protecting internet-facing applications.

B) Cloud VPN secures private connectivity but does not provide traffic inspection or protection against attacks from untrusted sources. VPN is primarily for connecting networks securely, not for protecting public-facing applications.

C) Firewall rules on individual VMs can restrict traffic but are limited in scope and scale. Managing firewalls on multiple VMs globally is operationally intensive and does not offer the same protection against sophisticated attacks as Cloud Armor.

D) IAM roles control user and service access to resources but cannot inspect or filter network traffic. They are critical for identity-based security but do not protect against malicious network requests.

Question 11:

Your organization wants to monitor network performance and identify anomalies between regions and VPCs. Which solution provides actionable insights?

A) VPC Flow Logs
B) Cloud Audit Logs
C) Firewall logging only
D) Cloud Monitoring dashboards

Answer: A) VPC Flow Logs

Explanation:

A) VPC Flow Logs capture all traffic metadata entering and leaving VM instances, providing visibility into source/destination IPs, ports, protocols, and traffic volume. Exporting logs to BigQuery or Pub/Sub allows detailed analysis, anomaly detection, and network troubleshooting. By monitoring traffic patterns, teams can detect misconfigurations, unexpected spikes, or suspicious activity across regions and VPCs.

B) Cloud Audit Logs track API activity rather than actual traffic, so they are insufficient for network performance monitoring or anomaly detection. They are useful for auditing administrative changes but not for analyzing packet flows or latency issues.

C) Firewall logging provides information about allowed or denied traffic per rule. While helpful, it does not capture all traffic and does not offer a comprehensive view of network behavior across multiple VPCs or regions.

D) Cloud Monitoring dashboards visualize metrics but require underlying data sources. Dashboards alone do not capture traffic or detect anomalies—they only display what is fed into them. VPC Flow Logs are necessary to provide the raw data for meaningful insights.

Question 12:

You need a secure, low-latency connection between your on-premises environment and multiple Google Cloud regions, with support for private IPs. Which solution is optimal?

A) Dedicated Cloud Interconnect
B) Cloud VPN over public internet
C) VPC peering
D) Public HTTPS connections

Answer: A) Dedicated Cloud Interconnect

Explanation:

A) Dedicated Cloud Interconnect provides private, high-bandwidth connections between on-premises networks and Google Cloud. It supports multiple VLAN attachments, enabling access to multiple regions and VPCs over private IP addresses. The low latency and predictable performance make it suitable for production workloads requiring reliable hybrid connectivity. It also integrates with Cloud Router to enable dynamic route exchange and resiliency.

B) Cloud VPN over the public internet is secure but introduces variable latency and limited bandwidth. While suitable for backup or smaller workloads, it cannot match the performance and predictability of Dedicated Interconnect for multi-region deployments.

C)VPC peering cannot connect on-premises networks to Google Cloud, so it cannot meet the requirement for hybrid connectivity with private IP support. It only enables private communication between VPCs within Google Cloud. As a result, it cannot provide encrypted site-to-site connectivity, dynamic routing with BGP, or integration with on-premises infrastructure, making it unsuitable for enterprises that need secure and scalable hybrid cloud networking solutions.

D) Public HTTPS connections expose traffic over the internet, which is less secure and prone to latency. They do not provide private IP connectivity, making them unsuitable for enterprise-grade hybrid architectures.

Question 13:

You are designing a VPC network for multiple teams in your organization. Each team needs isolated resources but should also access shared services centrally. Which design should you implement?

A) Separate VPCs for each team with VPC peering
B) Shared VPC with centralized subnets for shared services
C) Single flat VPC for all teams
D) Cloud VPN connecting each team’s project

Answer: B) Shared VPC with centralized subnets for shared services

Explanation:

A) Creating separate VPCs for each team and connecting them via VPC peering provides network isolation but introduces operational complexity. VPC peering requires each VPC to maintain individual connections, and peering does not allow transitive routing, which means that accessing shared resources would require multiple peering relationships or additional workarounds. Managing routing and firewall rules across many teams becomes cumbersome and prone to configuration errors. For organizations with multiple teams and shared services, this approach scales poorly and can lead to inconsistent security policies and increased administrative overhead.

B) Implementing a Shared VPC with centralized subnets for shared services is the most effective solution. A Shared VPC allows a host project to manage network resources centrally, while individual service projects for each team can attach workloads to these subnets. This design provides strong isolation for team-specific resources while enabling controlled access to shared services without complex peering configurations. Centralized management allows consistent firewall policies, IAM roles, and monitoring to be enforced across all teams. Additionally, subnets can span multiple regions, supporting high availability, low latency, and efficient communication between projects. It simplifies operations, reduces duplication, and ensures that network best practices are consistently applied.

C) Using a single flat VPC for all teams is the simplest from a network topology perspective but provides minimal isolation. Teams sharing the same network can unintentionally interfere with each other, and managing firewall rules for different teams becomes error-prone. While this may work for small organizations or experimental projects, it does not meet enterprise-grade requirements for security, compliance, or controlled access to shared resources.

D) Connecting each team’s project via Cloud VPN is technically feasible but introduces unnecessary complexity. VPN tunnels are designed for hybrid connectivity rather than internal cloud network segmentation. Configuring and maintaining multiple VPNs for inter-team access adds operational overhead and increases potential points of failure. Furthermore, it does not provide centralized policy enforcement or easy management of shared services, making it suboptimal compared to a Shared VPC.

Overall, a Shared VPC balances isolation, central management, and scalability, making it ideal for multi-team environments with shared resources.

Question 14:

You are tasked with ensuring low-latency access for users across multiple regions to your Google Cloud-hosted application. Traffic should automatically route to the nearest healthy backend. Which solution fits best?

A) Global HTTP(S) Load Balancing
B) Regional internal load balancer
C) Cloud CDN only
D) VPC peering between regions

Answer: A) Global HTTP(S) Load Balancing

Explanation:

A) Global HTTP(S) Load Balancing provides intelligent, low-latency routing for users worldwide. It automatically directs requests to the nearest healthy backend based on proximity and real-time health checks, ensuring minimal latency and high availability. Integration with Cloud CDN further improves performance by caching content at edge locations close to users. SSL termination at the load balancer improves security while reducing load on backend instances. For global applications, this solution ensures resilience, performance, and operational simplicity without requiring manual intervention or complex routing.

B) Regional internal load balancers are designed for traffic within a VPC or between internal services in a region. They cannot distribute traffic globally or route users to the nearest backend across multiple regions. Using only regional load balancers would require additional mechanisms for cross-region failover and routing, adding operational complexity.

C) Cloud CDN alone provides caching at edge locations to reduce latency for static content, but it does not route dynamic traffic to backends or handle failover. Without a load balancer, global traffic routing and SSL termination are not supported, making CDN insufficient for dynamic applications.

D) VPC peering allows private connectivity between VPCs in different regions but does not provide intelligent traffic routing, failover, or low-latency global distribution. Peering alone is insufficient for user-facing applications requiring geographic-aware load balancing or global high availability.

Overall, Global HTTP(S) Load Balancing with Cloud CDN integration ensures optimal latency, automatic failover, and scalability for globally distributed applications. It handles dynamic and static content efficiently and reduces operational overhead compared to managing multiple regional load balancers or peered VPCs.

Question 15:

You want to secure access to Google Cloud resources so that only specific corporate IP addresses can connect, while blocking all other traffic. Which solution should you implement?

A) Cloud Armor security policies
B) IAM roles only
C) VM-level firewall rules
D) Cloud VPN

Answer: A) Cloud Armor security policies

Explanation:

A) Cloud Armor enables centralized security enforcement for applications and services exposed to the internet. Security policies can filter traffic based on IP addresses, geographic location, or application-level attributes. By defining rules to allow only corporate IP ranges and block all others, Cloud Armor ensures that only authorized users can access services while mitigating DDoS or malicious traffic. It scales globally, integrates with Cloud Load Balancing, and reduces the operational burden compared to managing individual firewall rules across multiple VMs or networks.

B) IAM roles control access to Google Cloud resources at the API and service level but do not filter network traffic. While important for identity management, IAM alone cannot enforce network-level access restrictions, leaving services exposed to unauthorized network requests.

C) VM-level firewall rules can restrict IPs on a per-instance basis. However, managing these rules across numerous VMs is operationally intensive and error-prone. Additionally, firewall rules at the VM level do not provide global protection or DDoS mitigation, making them less suitable for large-scale deployments.

D) Cloud VPN secures traffic between trusted networks but does not enforce access restrictions for public traffic. VPN connections are intended for private hybrid connectivity and cannot restrict traffic from specific public IP ranges for internet-facing applications.

Using Cloud Armor provides centralized, scalable, and robust protection, allowing fine-grained control over which IPs can access services while minimizing operational complexity.

Question 16:

You are designing a hybrid cloud network where the on-premises environment and Google Cloud VPCs have overlapping IP ranges. How can you connect them without modifying the on-premises network?

A) Cloud VPN with NAT and custom routes
B) VPC peering
C) Dedicated Interconnect without VLANs
D) Public HTTPS connections

Answer: A) Cloud VPN with NAT and custom routes

Explanation:

A) Cloud VPN combined with Network Address Translation (NAT) allows the translation of overlapping IP ranges, enabling secure connectivity without changing the on-premises network. Custom routes ensure traffic is directed correctly between on-premises and cloud subnets. High-availability VPNs provide redundancy, and route-based configuration simplifies multi-region or multi-VPC deployments. This solution is flexible, cost-effective, and operationally straightforward for resolving overlapping IP conflicts in hybrid architectures.

B) VPC peering cannot connect overlapping IP ranges because peering requires non-overlapping CIDRs. If networks have conflicting IP address spaces, attempts to establish a peering connection will fail, preventing communication between the VPCs. This limitation makes VPC peering unsuitable for hybrid connectivity scenarios where on-premises networks or multiple cloud VPCs might have overlapping IP ranges. In such cases, alternative solutions like Cloud VPN with Cloud Router or Dedicated Interconnect with NAT should be used, as they can handle overlapping IPs through routing, NAT, and dynamic route propagation, providing secure and scalable hybrid cloud connectivity.

C)Dedicated Interconnect offers high-bandwidth, low-latency private connections between on-premises networks and Google Cloud, making it ideal for data-intensive workloads and enterprise-scale hybrid deployments. However, it does not inherently solve overlapping IP conflicts. If the on-premises network and the Google Cloud VPC have overlapping subnets, simply using Dedicated Interconnect will not allow proper routing between the networks. To handle overlapping IP ranges, additional configuration such as Network Address Translation (NAT) or careful subnet planning is required. Without these measures, traffic may be misrouted or blocked, limiting the effectiveness of Interconnect in scenarios where hybrid connectivity must coexist with overlapping IP address spaces. Proper network design, including NAT or CIDR adjustments, is critical to ensure seamless connectivity and avoid conflicts.

D)Public HTTPS connections expose traffic over the internet, which does not address overlapping IP issues between on-premises networks and Google Cloud VPCs. Because traffic traverses the public internet, it is more vulnerable to interception, man-in-the-middle attacks, and other security threats, even with encryption like TLS. Additionally, latency can be unpredictable and higher compared to private connections such as Cloud VPN or Dedicated Interconnect. Managing multiple public endpoints for hybrid access adds operational complexity, increases the risk of misconfigurations, and is less secure than using a centralized VPN solution with NAT, which ensures private, encrypted, and scalable connectivity while handling overlapping IPs effectively.

This approach ensures secure connectivity, proper routing, and minimal operational overhead for hybrid environments with overlapping IPs.

Question 17:

You need a private, high-bandwidth, low-latency connection between your on-premises network and multiple Google Cloud regions. Which solution is optimal?

A) Dedicated Cloud Interconnect
B) Cloud VPN over public internet
C) VPC peering
D) Public HTTPS connections

Answer: A) Dedicated Cloud Interconnect

Explanation:

A) Dedicated Cloud Interconnect provides a private connection with predictable latency and high throughput. Multiple VLAN attachments allow connectivity to several VPCs and regions over private IPs. Integration with Cloud Router enables dynamic route exchange, ensuring resiliency and scalability. This solution supports production workloads with high performance, reliability, and secure private access.

B) Cloud VPN over the public internet is secure but limited in throughput and latency. It is more appropriate for smaller workloads or backup connections and cannot provide the predictable performance needed for multi-region hybrid deployments.

C) VPC peering connects VPCs but does not extend to on-premises networks and cannot provide dedicated private connectivity. It cannot meet the requirement of a hybrid, multi-region, low-latency architecture.

D) Public HTTPS connections use the internet, exposing traffic to latency and security risks. They do not provide private IP connectivity or predictable performance, making them unsuitable for enterprise-grade hybrid networks.

Dedicated Interconnect is the preferred solution for large-scale hybrid architectures that require private, low-latency connectivity across multiple regions.

Question 18:

You want to capture all traffic entering and leaving your VPCs for auditing and troubleshooting purposes. Which solution should you implement?

A) VPC Flow Logs
B) Cloud Audit Logs
C) Firewall rule logging
D) Cloud Monitoring dashboards

Answer: A) VPC Flow Logs

Explanation:

A) VPC Flow Logs record metadata for all ingress and egress traffic at the subnet level. Logs include source and destination IPs, ports, protocols, and bytes transferred. They can be exported to BigQuery, Cloud Storage, or Pub/Sub for analysis, anomaly detection, and compliance reporting. By centralizing traffic visibility, teams can identify misconfigurations, suspicious activity, and performance issues across regions and VPCs. This makes VPC Flow Logs ideal for auditing and troubleshooting.

B) Cloud Audit Logs track API activities and administrative actions but do not provide traffic-level visibility. They are useful for tracking changes but insufficient for network-level monitoring or troubleshooting.

C) Firewall rule logging provides details on traffic allowed or denied by rules but does not capture all flows. It is limited in scope and does not provide a comprehensive audit of network behavior across multiple VPCs or regions.

D) Cloud Monitoring dashboards visualize metrics but do not inherently capture network traffic. Dashboards require logs or metrics as input, so VPC Flow Logs are necessary to provide actionable insights.

VPC Flow Logs provide complete, centralized, and scalable network monitoring across all VPCs, making them essential for security, auditing, and operational troubleshooting.

Question 19:

Your application requires internal communication between multiple services across regions, without exposing traffic to the public internet. Which solution is best?

A) VPC peering
B) Shared VPC
C) Cloud VPN over public internet
D) Public HTTPS endpoints

Answer: B) Shared VPC

Explanation:

A) VPC peering allows private communication between VPCs within Google Cloud, enabling workloads in different VPCs to interact securely without traversing the public internet. However, it does not support transitive routing, meaning that traffic cannot pass through one VPC to reach another indirectly. For multi-region deployments, multiple peering connections must be established between each VPC pair, which increases operational complexity and creates challenges in maintaining and scaling the network. This lack of transitive connectivity limits centralized management, as administrators must configure and monitor multiple individual peerings rather than using a single scalable solution like VPN with Cloud Router or Shared VPC architecture.

B) Shared VPC allows multiple projects to attach workloads to centrally managed subnets, providing private connectivity across regions without using the public internet. Centralized firewall rules, IAM roles, and route management simplify operations while maintaining isolation for service projects. Multi-region subnets ensure low-latency internal communication and high availability. This architecture is scalable, secure, and operationally efficient for large, distributed applications.

C) Cloud VPN over public internet exposes traffic to potential latency and bandwidth limitations. While encrypted, VPN connections are less predictable and operationally heavier for internal multi-region service communication.

D) Public HTTPS endpoints route traffic over the internet, which introduces latency, security concerns, and operational complexity. For internal services, exposing APIs publicly is unnecessary and inefficient.

Shared VPC provides centralized, secure, private, and scalable connectivity for multi-region internal service communication.

Question 20:

You want to accelerate delivery of frequently accessed static content to global users and reduce load on backend instances. Which solution should you implement?

A) Cloud CDN with global HTTP(S) Load Balancer
B) VPC internal load balancer
C) Cloud VPN
D) Public IP connections

Answer: A) Cloud CDN with global HTTP(S) Load Balancer

Explanation:

A) Cloud CDN caches static content at Google’s edge locations globally, reducing latency for users and offloading requests from backend instances. When integrated with Global HTTP(S) Load Balancing, it ensures content is served from the nearest edge, improving performance, reliability, and availability. Cache invalidation, SSL termination at the edge, and traffic routing to healthy backends are automatically managed. This combination is ideal for global applications needing fast, scalable delivery of static content while reducing backend load.

B) VPC internal load balancers distribute traffic within a VPC but cannot provide caching or global delivery. They do not accelerate static content for end users.

C) Cloud VPN does not accelerate content or provide caching; it only provides secure connectivity between networks.

D) Public IP connections do not provide caching or edge distribution. Traffic traverses the internet, increasing latency and reducing reliability compared to CDN-based delivery.

Cloud CDN with global load balancing ensures low-latency, high-performance content delivery for global users while reducing backend resource consumption.