Google Professional Cloud Network Engineer Exam Dumps and Practice Test Questions Set4 Q61-80

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Question 61:

You are designing a multi-region hybrid cloud deployment. The on-premises data centers must connect to multiple Google Cloud VPCs, and traffic must remain private, encrypted, and automatically failover in case of tunnel or link failure. Which solution should you implement?

A) Cloud VPN with static routes
B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP)
C) Dedicated Interconnect without Cloud Router
D) VPC Peering

Answer:

B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP)

Explanation:

A) Cloud VPN with static routes provides secure IPsec tunnels, ensuring encryption for all traffic. However, static routes lack dynamic routing capabilities. If a tunnel fails, traffic cannot automatically reroute to alternate paths; an administrator must manually update routes, introducing downtime and operational overhead. Static routing also does not scale efficiently in multi-VPC, multi-region setups, as each route must be configured individually.

B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP) is the correct choice. This solution combines IPsec encryption with BGP dynamic routing. Cloud Router automatically advertises and learns routes between on-premises networks and Google Cloud VPCs. In the event of a tunnel failure, BGP dynamically withdraws affected routes and reroutes traffic through alternate tunnels, ensuring high availability and minimal latency disruption. This setup scales across multiple regions, subnets, and VPCs without manual intervention, reducing operational complexity. It also supports hybrid architectures that require multiple tunnels for redundancy and can integrate with monitoring solutions to alert administrators of route changes or tunnel failures.

C) Dedicated Interconnect provides a high-bandwidth, low-latency connection, ideal for large data transfers. However, without Cloud Router, route management is static. Interconnect does not inherently encrypt traffic, meaning you would need an additional IPsec overlay to secure communication. Failover and dynamic route updates require manual configuration, increasing complexity. While suitable for high-throughput applications, it does not fully meet the hybrid connectivity requirement for automatic failover with encryption.

D) VPC Peering enables private communication between VPCs but is limited to intra-cloud connectivity. It cannot connect on-premises networks and does not provide encryption or dynamic routing. Peering is unsuitable for hybrid architectures that require secure and automated failover between on-premises and cloud environments.

Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP) is the most appropriate solution, providing encrypted communication, automated failover, and scalable dynamic routing across hybrid cloud deployments.

Question 62:

Your organization requires centralized firewall policy enforcement for all VPCs across multiple projects. Policies must be non-overridable by project-level administrators and cover both ingress and egress traffic. Which solution should you use?

A) Individual VPC firewall rules with IAM restrictions
B) Hierarchical firewall policies
C) Cloud Armor
D) VPC Service Controls

Answer:

B) Hierarchical firewall policies

Explanation:

A) Individual VPC firewall rules with IAM restrictions can prevent unauthorized users from modifying firewall rules at the project level. While this protects project-level security settings, it does not provide organization-wide enforcement. Project administrators can still introduce conflicting rules or bypass intended policies if IAM roles are misconfigured. It also requires manual replication of rules across multiple VPCs and projects, increasing administrative overhead and risk of misconfiguration.

B) Hierarchical firewall policies are correct because they allow administrators to define rules at the organization or folder level. These rules propagate automatically to all child projects and VPCs, ensuring centralized enforcement. They cannot be overridden by project-level administrators, providing compliance and consistent security across all workloads. Hierarchical policies support both ingress and egress traffic, covering communication within VPCs and between workloads and the internet. This approach simplifies auditing, improves security posture, and reduces administrative overhead compared to project-level rule management.

C) Cloud Armor is designed for application-layer (Layer 7) protection. It mitigates HTTP(S) threats such as DDoS attacks and provides rate limiting. While powerful for protecting web applications, it cannot enforce network-layer firewall policies across VPCs, making it insufficient for organization-wide network security enforcement.

D) VPC Service Controls create service perimeters to prevent data exfiltration from Google-managed APIs. They enhance security for API access but do not provide general network-layer firewall enforcement for VPC traffic. Service Controls complement but do not replace hierarchical firewall policies for network traffic enforcement.

Hierarchical firewall policies are therefore the only solution that guarantees centralized, non-overridable, and comprehensive network security enforcement across all VPCs and projects.

Question 63:

You need to monitor all ingress and egress network traffic across multiple VPCs, detect anomalies, and perform analytics for security and performance troubleshooting. Which solution should you implement?

A) Firewall logging only
B) Cloud Logging
C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery
D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer metrics

Answer:

C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery

Explanation:

A) Firewall logging captures allowed or denied traffic according to firewall rules. While it is useful for auditing and verifying policy enforcement, it only provides partial visibility into the network. It does not capture all traffic flows, limiting the ability to detect anomalies, perform trend analysis, or troubleshoot network performance comprehensively.

B) Cloud Logging collects logs from various services, including VM instances and applications. It provides general observability but does not inherently capture detailed flow-level network metadata such as IP addresses, ports, protocols, packet counts, or bytes transferred. Without this information, detailed analysis and anomaly detection are limited.

C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery are correct. Flow Logs capture detailed metadata for all ingress and egress traffic at the subnet level, including source/destination IPs, ports, protocols, bytes, and packets. Exporting logs to BigQuery allows scalable querying, trend analysis, anomaly detection, and security monitoring. Analysts can detect unexpected traffic patterns, potential data exfiltration, or performance bottlenecks. Integration with Cloud Monitoring enables alerts for anomalous behavior, enhancing operational efficiency and proactive security management. Flow Logs scale across multiple VPCs and projects, providing centralized visibility for large enterprise environments.

D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer metrics provide traffic statistics for specific backend services but only cover traffic passing through the load balancer. They do not offer holistic visibility into all VPC traffic and cannot be used for comprehensive security or performance analysis.

VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery provides complete, centralized, and queryable network traffic visibility across multiple VPCs, meeting both operational and security requirements.

Question 64:

You are designing a global web application that requires a single IP address, edge caching for static content, routing users to the closest healthy backend, and automatic failover between regions. Which load balancer should you choose?

A) Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
C) Network Load Balancer
D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer

Answer:

B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer

Explanation:

A) Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer operates in a single region. It does not provide a single global anycast IP address, cannot route users to the nearest healthy backend across regions, and lacks automatic failover. While it supports Cloud CDN, its global reach is limited, making it insufficient for worldwide applications.

B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer is correct. It provides a single anycast IP globally, automatically routing users to the closest healthy backend. Integration with Cloud CDN enables edge caching, improving performance and reducing egress costs. It supports automatic failover between regions, SSL termination, path-based routing, and Layer 7 traffic management. This solution ensures high availability, low latency, and optimized global performance for end-users.

C) Network Load Balancer operates at Layer 4 (TCP/UDP) and is regional. It provides high throughput but lacks global IPs, CDN integration, and intelligent Layer 7 routing. It cannot automatically select the closest backend or provide cross-region failover, making it unsuitable for a global web application.

D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer is designed for private, internal traffic within a VPC. It cannot handle public traffic, global routing, or CDN-based caching, making it unsuitable for serving a global audience.

The Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer meets all requirements for global delivery, low latency, edge caching, and failover.

Question 65:

You are building a hybrid cloud architecture that requires secure, private access from on-premises workloads to Google Cloud APIs (such as BigQuery and Cloud Storage) without assigning external IP addresses. Additionally, only specific APIs should be accessible. Which solution should you implement?

A) Cloud NAT
B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints
C) Default internet gateway routes
D) VPC Peering

Answer:

B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints

Explanation:

A) Cloud NAT allows private VMs to initiate outbound connections to the internet without requiring external IP addresses, providing a way for internal workloads to access public services while keeping the VMs themselves private. However, while it enables basic connectivity, all traffic still flows to public Google API endpoints, which can expose sensitive metadata and make traffic routing less predictable. Cloud NAT cannot enforce fine-grained access controls or restrict which APIs a VM can reach, making it unsuitable for scenarios requiring private, controlled, and compliant access to specific Google Cloud services. For enterprises with strict security or regulatory requirements, relying solely on Cloud NAT does not meet compliance or privacy standards, as it does not isolate API traffic from the public internet.

B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints is correct. It allows on-premises or private workloads to access specific Google APIs over internal IP addresses only. By configuring service-specific endpoints, administrators can control which APIs are reachable, ensuring compliance with organizational policies. Traffic never traverses the public internet, maintaining privacy. This solution scales across multiple VPCs and projects and can integrate with Cloud VPN or Interconnect for hybrid deployments. Logging and monitoring can be enabled for auditing API usage.

C) The default internet gateway routes traffic from VMs to the public internet using public IP addresses, which exposes all requests to external networks. It provides no mechanism to restrict access to specific Google Cloud APIs or services. This lack of control increases security risks, potentially allowing unauthorized access or data exfiltration, and violates enterprise privacy and compliance requirements. Using the default internet gateway alone is unsuitable for hybrid cloud environments that require secure, private, and controlled access to cloud services.

D) VPC Peering allows private connectivity between VPCs, enabling workloads in different VPCs to communicate securely without traversing the public internet. However, it does not provide access to Google-managed APIs via private IPs, so workloads cannot use peering to reach services such as Cloud Storage or BigQuery privately. Peering is strictly limited to intra-cloud connectivity between VPCs and cannot enforce API-level access controls. As a result, it cannot provide the granular security, compliance, or restricted API access that enterprises often require for hybrid cloud or multi-project environments.

Private Service Connect provides secure, private, and controlled API access from on-premises workloads without public IP exposure.

Question 66:

You are tasked with connecting multiple on-premises data centers to Google Cloud for a hybrid environment. The solution must provide encrypted communication, dynamic route updates, and automatic failover across multiple tunnels. Which solution should you implement?

A) Cloud VPN with static routes
B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP)
C) Dedicated Interconnect without Cloud Router
D) VPC Peering

Answer:

B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP)

Explanation:

A) Cloud VPN with static routes provides encrypted tunnels using IPsec but does not support dynamic routing. Failover is not automatic; if a tunnel fails, administrators must manually adjust routes. This approach does not scale well for multiple data centers or subnets and increases operational complexity, especially in multi-region or high-availability deployments. Static routes are also prone to misconfigurations and cannot adapt automatically to network changes.

B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP) is correct because it combines encrypted IPsec tunnels with dynamic route exchange using BGP. Cloud Router automatically advertises and learns routes between on-premises networks and Google Cloud VPCs. If a VPN tunnel fails, BGP withdraws the affected routes and redirects traffic to healthy tunnels, ensuring high availability. This solution scales efficiently for multiple sites and subnets and minimizes administrative overhead since route management and failover are automated. Cloud Router also allows multi-tunnel configurations for redundancy and integrates with monitoring for proactive operational management. This combination ensures secure, private, and resilient hybrid connectivity.

C) Dedicated Interconnect provides high-bandwidth, low-latency connectivity but does not inherently encrypt traffic. Without Cloud Router, routing is static, and failover must be managed manually. While suitable for high-throughput workloads, it lacks automated failover and encryption unless combined with additional IPsec overlays. It also increases operational complexity.

D) VPC Peering allows private connectivity between VPC networks but cannot connect on-premises networks. It provides no encryption or dynamic routing and is unsuitable for hybrid cloud deployments requiring secure, high-availability connectivity.

Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP) is the only solution that meets all requirements: encryption, dynamic routing, automatic failover, and scalable hybrid connectivity.

Question 67:

Your organization requires centralized enforcement of ingress and egress policies across multiple VPCs and projects. These policies must be non-overridable by project-level administrators. Which solution is best suited for this requirement?

A) Individual VPC firewall rules with IAM restrictions
B) Hierarchical firewall policies
C) Cloud Armor
D) VPC Service Controls

Answer:

B) Hierarchical firewall policies

Explanation:

A) Individual VPC firewall rules with IAM restrictions limit access to modify firewall rules within a project. While this prevents unauthorized changes, it does not provide organization-wide enforcement. Project-level administrators could still configure rules that conflict with organizational security requirements, and managing rules across multiple VPCs or projects is operationally complex.

B) Hierarchical firewall policies are correct because they allow administrators to define rules at the organization or folder level. These policies propagate to all child projects, ensuring centralized enforcement of ingress and egress rules. Critical security policies cannot be overridden by project-level administrators. Hierarchical policies support both internal and internet-bound traffic, simplify auditing, and ensure consistent security across multiple VPCs and projects. They reduce administrative overhead compared to manually replicating firewall rules and enhance compliance with regulatory requirements.

C) Cloud Armor protects web applications at Layer 7 by mitigating DDoS attacks and filtering HTTP(S) traffic. While effective for application-level security, it does not enforce network-layer firewall rules across VPCs.

D) VPC Service Controls create service perimeters for Google APIs to prevent data exfiltration. They enhance API security but do not provide organization-wide firewall enforcement for network traffic between VPCs or to the internet.

Hierarchical firewall policies are the only solution that guarantees centralized, non-overridable enforcement of network security policies across multiple VPCs and projects.

Question 68:

You want to monitor all network traffic across multiple VPCs, detect anomalies, and perform trend analysis for security and operational insights. Which solution should you implement?

A) Firewall logging
B) Cloud Logging
C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery
D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer metrics

Answer:

C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery

Explanation:

A) Firewall logging provides information about allowed or denied traffic per firewall rule. While useful for auditing rule enforcement, it only captures a subset of traffic and does not provide complete network flow visibility. As a result, it is insufficient for anomaly detection or trend analysis across multiple VPCs.

B) Cloud Logging collects logs from Google Cloud resources but does not inherently capture detailed network flow metadata such as IP addresses, ports, protocols, bytes, and packet counts. Without this information, comprehensive security monitoring, performance troubleshooting, and traffic analytics are limited.

C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery is correct because it captures detailed metadata for all ingress and egress traffic at the subnet level. Flow Logs include source/destination IPs, ports, protocol, bytes transferred, and packet counts. Exporting the logs to BigQuery allows analysts to perform large-scale queries, trend analysis, and anomaly detection. Security teams can detect unexpected communication patterns or potential exfiltration, while operations teams can identify performance bottlenecks. Integration with Cloud Monitoring allows real-time alerting. Flow Logs scale efficiently across multiple VPCs and projects, providing centralized, queryable, and actionable network visibility.

D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer metrics provide limited insights for traffic passing through the load balancer. They do not provide comprehensive visibility across all network flows, making them unsuitable for enterprise-wide traffic monitoring or anomaly detection.

VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery is the most comprehensive solution for centralized monitoring, security, and analytics across multiple VPCs.

Question 69:

Your global web application must provide a single anycast IP address, route users to the closest healthy backend, cache static content at the edge, and automatically failover between regions. Which load balancer should you use?

A) Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
C) Network Load Balancer
D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer

Answer:

B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer

Explanation:

A) Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer operates only within a single region. It cannot provide a single global anycast IP, global routing to the nearest healthy backend, or automatic cross-region failover. While it supports Cloud CDN integration, its global distribution capabilities are limited.

B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer is correct. It provides a single anycast IP address globally, routes users to the closest healthy backend, and integrates with Cloud CDN for edge caching. Automatic failover ensures high availability if a backend or region becomes unhealthy. This load balancer also supports SSL termination, path-based routing, and intelligent traffic distribution at Layer 7, delivering optimal performance and reliability for global applications.

C) Network Load Balancer operates at Layer 4 (TCP/UDP) and is regional. It lacks global anycast IP, CDN integration, and automatic cross-region failover. It is not suitable for HTTP(S) global web applications requiring advanced routing and caching.

D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer is designed for private internal traffic within a VPC. It cannot provide external access, global reach, or CDN-based caching, making it unsuitable for serving global users.

The Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer meets all requirements for global reach, edge caching, low latency, and high availability.

Question 70:

You are building a hybrid cloud architecture where on-premises workloads need private access to Google Cloud APIs without using public IP addresses. Only specific APIs should be accessible. Which solution should you implement?

A) Cloud NAT
B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints
C) Default internet gateway
D) VPC Peering

Answer:

B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints

Explanation:

A) Cloud NAT allows private VMs to access the internet without assigning external IPs. While it enables connectivity, traffic still reaches public API endpoints and cannot restrict access to specific APIs, violating privacy and compliance requirements.

B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints is correct. It provides private connectivity to selected Google APIs using internal IPs only. Administrators can configure service-specific endpoints to control which APIs workloads can access, ensuring compliance with organizational security policies. Traffic remains within Google’s private network, eliminating exposure to the public internet. Private Service Connect also scales across multiple projects and networks and can integrate with Cloud VPN or Dedicated Interconnect for hybrid connectivity. Logging and monitoring can be configured for auditing API usage.

C) Default internet gateway routes send traffic through public IPs, violating the requirement for private access and API restriction.

D) VPC Peering enables private communication between VPCs but does not provide connectivity to Google-managed APIs. Peering is limited to intra-cloud communication and cannot enforce API-level restrictions.

Private Service Connect is the only solution that provides secure, private, and restricted API access without using public IPs.

Question 71:

You are designing a hybrid cloud network to connect multiple on-premises data centers to Google Cloud. The solution must provide encryption, dynamic route updates, automatic failover, and scalable connectivity for multiple sites. Which solution should you implement?

A) Cloud VPN with static routes
B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP)
C) Dedicated Interconnect without Cloud Router
D) VPC Peering

Answer:

B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP)

Explanation:

A) Cloud VPN with static routes provides IPsec-encrypted tunnels between on-premises networks and Google Cloud. However, static routing does not support automatic route updates. If a tunnel fails, an administrator must manually adjust routes or scripts must be used to automate failover, introducing delays and potential downtime. This solution does not scale well for multiple sites or subnets and increases operational overhead in large hybrid deployments.

B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP) is correct because it provides encrypted traffic via IPsec while dynamically exchanging routes using BGP. Cloud Router automatically advertises and learns routes between on-premises networks and Google Cloud VPCs. In case of a tunnel failure, BGP withdraws affected routes and redirects traffic through healthy tunnels, ensuring seamless failover. This approach supports multiple sites, subnets, and regions without manual intervention, reducing complexity while maintaining high availability and low latency. Cloud Router also allows multi-tunnel configurations for redundancy and integrates with monitoring tools for operational visibility and alerts, making it the ideal solution for scalable hybrid cloud connectivity.

C) Dedicated Interconnect offers high-bandwidth, low-latency connections but does not provide encryption by default. Without Cloud Router, route management and failover are manual. While it is suitable for large-scale data transfers, it does not meet the requirement for dynamic route updates, automated failover, and encryption without additional overlays, increasing operational complexity.

D) VPC Peering allows private connectivity between VPCs but cannot connect on-premises networks. It lacks encryption and dynamic routing and is unsuitable for hybrid cloud designs requiring secure, highly available connectivity.

Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP) is the only solution that provides secure, scalable, and resilient connectivity with automated failover across multiple sites.

Question 72:

Your organization requires centralized network security enforcement across all VPCs, including ingress and egress filtering. Policies must be non-overridable by project-level administrators. Which solution is appropriate?

A) Individual VPC firewall rules with IAM restrictions
B) Hierarchical firewall policies
C) Cloud Armor
D) VPC Service Controls

Answer:

B) Hierarchical firewall policies

Explanation:

A) Individual VPC firewall rules with IAM restrictions can prevent unauthorized users from modifying rules in a single project. However, these rules do not provide centralized enforcement across multiple projects or VPCs. Project-level administrators can still introduce rules that conflict with organization-wide security policies, creating compliance risks.

B) Hierarchical firewall policies are correct because they allow administrators to define rules at the organization or folder level. These policies propagate automatically to all child projects, ensuring centralized enforcement of ingress and egress rules. Project-level administrators cannot override these rules, providing consistent security and compliance across all VPCs and projects. Hierarchical policies also simplify auditing, reduce administrative overhead, and ensure internal and external traffic is controlled according to organizational standards. These policies scale effectively in large enterprise environments and provide a single point of control for security enforcement.

C) Cloud Armor is designed for Layer 7 protection of web applications, mitigating DDoS attacks and filtering HTTP(S) requests. While useful for application-level security, it does not enforce network-level firewall rules across VPCs and projects, making it insufficient for comprehensive network security enforcement.

D) VPC Service Controls provide security perimeters around Google-managed services to prevent data exfiltration. While effective for API security, they do not enforce network-level ingress and egress traffic controls, making them insufficient for organization-wide firewall policy enforcement.

Hierarchical firewall policies are the only solution that ensures centralized, non-overridable network security across all projects and VPCs.

Question 73:

You need to monitor network traffic across multiple VPCs to detect anomalies and perform analytics for operational and security insights. Which solution should you use?

A) Firewall logging
B) Cloud Logging
C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery
D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer metrics

Answer:

C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery

Explanation:

A) Firewall logging provides data about traffic allowed or denied by firewall rules. While useful for auditing and troubleshooting rule enforcement, it captures only a subset of traffic, limiting visibility into the network. It does not provide comprehensive insights for anomaly detection or performance analytics across multiple VPCs.

B) Cloud Logging collects logs from various Google Cloud services, offering general observability. However, it does not inherently capture detailed network flow metadata such as source and destination IPs, ports, protocols, bytes, and packet counts. Without this information, performing large-scale traffic analytics or identifying anomalies is limited.

C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery is correct. Flow Logs provide detailed metadata for all ingress and egress traffic at the subnet level, including IP addresses, ports, protocols, bytes, and packet counts. By exporting to BigQuery, analysts can query traffic patterns, detect anomalies, and analyze trends over time. This solution enables detection of unexpected traffic patterns, potential data exfiltration, and performance bottlenecks. Flow Logs scale across multiple VPCs and projects, offering centralized visibility and integration with Cloud Monitoring for alerting and operational dashboards. It provides comprehensive data for both security teams and operations teams.

D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer metrics provide statistics for traffic passing through the load balancer but only cover selected backends. They do not offer holistic visibility across the entire network, making them insufficient for anomaly detection or analytics.

VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery provides comprehensive, queryable network visibility, making it ideal for operational monitoring, security analytics, and troubleshooting across multiple VPCs.

Question 74:

You are designing a global application that requires a single anycast IP, automatic routing to the closest healthy backend, edge caching, and failover between regions. Which load balancer should you choose?

A) Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
C) Network Load Balancer
D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer

Answer:

B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer

Explanation:

A) Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer operates within a single region. It cannot provide a single global IP, route users to the nearest healthy backend across multiple regions, or perform automatic failover. While it can integrate with Cloud CDN, it does not offer true global delivery.

B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer is correct. It provides a single anycast IP globally and routes users to the closest healthy backend using Google’s global network. Integration with Cloud CDN enables edge caching for static content, reducing latency and egress costs. Automatic failover ensures high availability if a backend or region becomes unavailable. Additional features include SSL termination, path-based routing, and Layer 7 traffic management, making it suitable for highly available, global web applications.

C) Network Load Balancer operates at Layer 4 (TCP/UDP) and is regional. It cannot provide a single global IP, CDN integration, or intelligent routing across multiple regions. It is not suitable for HTTP(S)-based global applications.

D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer is designed for private internal traffic within a VPC. It cannot provide global reach, public IP exposure, or CDN caching, making it unsuitable for global web applications.

Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer meets all requirements for global routing, high availability, edge caching, and a single anycast IP.

Question 75:

You are building a hybrid cloud architecture where on-premises workloads need private access to Google Cloud APIs without using public IPs. Only specific APIs should be accessible. Which solution should you implement?

A) Cloud NAT
B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints
C) Default internet gateway
D) VPC Peering

Answer:

B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints

Explanation:

A) Cloud NAT allows private VMs to access the internet without public IPs, but traffic still goes to public API endpoints. Cloud NAT cannot restrict access to specific APIs, violating security and compliance requirements.

B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints is correct. It allows private access to selected Google APIs using internal IP addresses. Administrators can control which APIs workloads can access, ensuring compliance with organizational policies. Traffic never leaves Google’s private network, eliminating public internet exposure. It scales across multiple projects and networks and integrates with Cloud VPN or Dedicated Interconnect for hybrid connectivity. Logging and monitoring can be enabled for auditing API usage.

C) Default internet gateway exposes traffic to public IPs and provides no control over API access, violating security and privacy requirements.

D) VPC Peering allows private connectivity between VPCs but cannot connect to Google-managed APIs. It does not provide API-level restrictions, making it unsuitable for private hybrid API access.

Private Service Connect ensures secure, private, and restricted API access from on-premises workloads without public IPs, meeting all hybrid connectivity and security requirements.

Question 76:

You are tasked with connecting multiple on-premises sites to Google Cloud for a hybrid deployment. Requirements include encrypted communication, dynamic routing, automatic failover, and the ability to scale to additional sites without manual route updates. Which solution is most suitable?

A) Cloud VPN with static routes
B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP)
C) Dedicated Interconnect without Cloud Router
D) VPC Peering

Answer:

B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP)

Explanation:

A) Cloud VPN with static routes provides IPsec-encrypted tunnels for secure communication. However, it lacks dynamic routing, meaning that if a tunnel or link fails, administrators must manually update routes. Scaling to multiple sites becomes operationally complex, as each new route must be added individually, increasing the risk of misconfiguration and downtime.

B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP) is correct because it combines encryption with dynamic routing. BGP allows automatic route advertisement and learning between Google Cloud VPCs and on-premises sites. In the event of tunnel failure, BGP withdraws the affected routes and directs traffic through healthy tunnels, providing automatic failover. This solution scales efficiently to multiple sites without manual intervention, reducing operational complexity while maintaining high availability. Cloud Router also supports multi-tunnel redundancy, seamless network expansion, and integration with monitoring solutions for visibility and alerts.

C) Dedicated Interconnect provides high bandwidth and low latency, suitable for large-scale transfers. However, without Cloud Router, it relies on static routes, requiring manual management for failover and multi-site scaling. Encryption is not provided natively and must be layered on top, increasing complexity.

D) VPC Peering allows private connectivity between VPC networks but cannot connect on-premises sites. It lacks encryption and dynamic route updates, making it unsuitable for hybrid cloud requirements.

Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP) is the most suitable solution because it meets all requirements for secure, scalable, dynamic, and highly available hybrid connectivity.

Question 77:

Your organization needs centralized network security enforcement across multiple VPCs and projects. Policies must enforce both ingress and egress rules and cannot be overridden by project-level administrators. Which solution should you use?

A) Individual VPC firewall rules with IAM restrictions
B) Hierarchical firewall policies
C) Cloud Armor
D) VPC Service Controls

Answer:

B) Hierarchical firewall policies

Explanation:

A) Individual VPC firewall rules with IAM restrictions can limit modification privileges within a project. While this prevents unauthorized changes locally, it does not provide organization-wide enforcement. Project administrators may still add rules that conflict with global security policies, creating compliance risks and operational complexity.

B) Hierarchical firewall policies are correct. They allow administrators to define rules at the organization or folder level that propagate automatically to all child projects. Rules defined in hierarchical policies take precedence over project-level rules and cannot be overridden by project administrators. These policies cover both ingress and egress traffic, ensuring consistent security across multiple VPCs. Hierarchical policies simplify auditing, reduce operational overhead, and ensure compliance with organizational and regulatory requirements. They also allow consistent protection of internal and external communication while scaling effectively across enterprise environments.

C) Cloud Armor provides Layer 7 protection, mitigating DDoS attacks and filtering HTTP(S) traffic. While effective for application security, it does not enforce network-layer firewall rules across VPCs or projects, making it insufficient for centralized policy enforcement.

D) VPC Service Controls protect data in Google-managed services by creating security perimeters. They do not enforce general ingress and egress traffic policies across VPCs and projects, making them insufficient for organization-wide network security enforcement.

Hierarchical firewall policies provide centralized, non-overridable, and scalable enforcement of network security across multiple VPCs and projects.

Question 78:

You need to monitor and analyze network traffic across multiple VPCs to detect anomalies, optimize performance, and perform forensic analysis. Which solution should you implement?

A) Firewall logging
B) Cloud Logging
C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery
D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer metrics

Answer:

C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery

Explanation:

A) Firewall logging captures allowed or denied traffic based on firewall rules. While useful for auditing and verifying security policies, it only captures a subset of traffic. This limited view is insufficient for comprehensive anomaly detection, forensic analysis, or network performance optimization across multiple VPCs.

B) Cloud Logging collects logs from various Google Cloud services. While it provides general observability, it does not inherently capture detailed network flow metadata such as source/destination IPs, ports, protocols, bytes, and packet counts. Without this data, large-scale analytics, anomaly detection, and forensic investigations are limited.

C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery are correct. Flow Logs capture detailed ingress and egress metadata for each subnet, including IPs, ports, protocol, bytes transferred, and packet counts. Exporting to BigQuery allows analysts to perform queries at scale, trend analysis, anomaly detection, and forensic investigation. Security teams can identify suspicious communication patterns or potential data exfiltration, while operations teams can troubleshoot performance bottlenecks. Integration with Cloud Monitoring allows real-time alerts for anomalous traffic. Flow Logs provide centralized, queryable, and actionable visibility across multiple VPCs and projects, supporting both operational and security needs.

D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer metrics provide traffic statistics for specific backends but do not cover the entire VPC network. They are insufficient for full-scale traffic monitoring, anomaly detection, or forensic analysis.

VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery is the only solution that provides comprehensive, scalable, and centralized visibility into network traffic for monitoring, security, and analytics.

Question 79:

Your global web application requires a single IP address, routing users to the closest healthy backend, caching static content at the edge, and automatic failover across regions. Which load balancer should you choose?

A) Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
C) Network Load Balancer
D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer

Answer:

B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer

Explanation:

A) Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer operates in a single region. It cannot provide a single global anycast IP, global routing to the nearest healthy backend, or cross-region automatic failover. While it supports Cloud CDN, it is limited in scope for global applications.

B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer is correct. It provides a single anycast IP address worldwide, routes users to the closest healthy backend, and integrates with Cloud CDN for edge caching. Automatic failover ensures high availability if a backend or region becomes unhealthy. Additional features include SSL termination, path-based routing, and intelligent Layer 7 traffic distribution, making it ideal for global web applications requiring high performance, low latency, and reliability.

C) Network Load Balancer operates at Layer 4 (TCP/UDP) and is regional. It lacks global anycast IP, CDN integration, and automatic cross-region failover, making it unsuitable for global HTTP(S) applications.

D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer is designed for private internal traffic within a VPC. It cannot provide public access, global reach, or caching at the edge, making it unsuitable for global web applications.

The Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer meets all requirements for global reach, high availability, caching, and routing to the nearest healthy backend.

Question 80:

You are building a hybrid cloud architecture where on-premises workloads require private access to Google Cloud APIs without public IPs. Only specific APIs should be accessible. Which solution should you implement?

A) Cloud NAT
B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints
C) Default internet gateway
D) VPC Peering

Answer:

B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints

Explanation:

A) Cloud NAT allows private VMs to access the internet without public IPs. However, traffic still reaches public API endpoints and cannot be restricted to specific APIs, violating compliance and privacy requirements.

B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints is correct. It enables private access to selected Google APIs using internal IPs. Administrators can define which APIs workloads can access, ensuring security and compliance. Traffic remains within Google’s private network, eliminating exposure to the public internet. This solution scales across multiple projects and networks and integrates with Cloud VPN or Dedicated Interconnect for hybrid architectures. Logging and monitoring can be configured for auditing API usage.

C) Default internet gateway sends traffic through public IPs, violating the requirement for private access and API restrictions.

D) VPC Peering allows private connectivity between VPCs but does not provide access to Google-managed APIs. It cannot enforce API-level restrictions, making it unsuitable for hybrid cloud API access.

Private Service Connect ensures secure, private, and restricted access to Google Cloud APIs without using public IPs, meeting all hybrid cloud requirements.