Google Professional Cloud Network Engineer Exam Dumps and Practice Test Questions Set6 Q101-120

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Question 101:

You are designing a hybrid cloud network to connect multiple on-premises data centers with Google Cloud. Requirements include encrypted communication, dynamic routing, high availability, and seamless scalability for multiple sites. Which solution should you implement?

A) Cloud VPN with static routes
B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP)
C) Dedicated Interconnect without Cloud Router
D) VPC Peering

Answer:

B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP)

Explanation:

A) Cloud VPN with static routes provides encrypted IPsec tunnels, which protect data in transit. However, static routing does not allow dynamic adjustment of routes when network topology changes or when a tunnel fails. Failover must be manually configured, creating potential downtime during outages. Additionally, scaling to multiple sites requires manual addition of static routes, increasing operational complexity and the risk of misconfiguration. This makes static routes inefficient for large-scale, high-availability hybrid networks.

B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP) is correct because it integrates encrypted communication with dynamic route propagation using BGP. BGP automatically advertises and learns routes between Google Cloud VPCs and on-premises networks. If a tunnel or link fails, BGP withdraws affected routes and automatically reroutes traffic through healthy tunnels. This ensures high availability without manual intervention. The solution also supports multiple tunnels for redundancy and can seamlessly scale as new sites are added, minimizing operational overhead. Monitoring and alerting integration provides administrators with visibility into tunnel health and route propagation, allowing proactive network management. Cloud VPN with Cloud Router fulfills all requirements for secure, resilient, and scalable hybrid connectivity.

C) Dedicated Interconnect offers high throughput and low latency connections but does not natively provide encryption. Without Cloud Router, it relies on static routing, which requires manual failover and complex route management. While suitable for heavy data transfers, it does not meet dynamic routing and automatic failover requirements.

D) VPC Peering allows private connectivity between VPC networks but cannot connect on-premises sites. It lacks encryption and dynamic routing, making it unsuitable for hybrid cloud scenarios.

Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP) is the most suitable solution because it provides encryption, dynamic routing, automatic failover, and scalability for multi-site hybrid architectures.

Question 102:

You need to enforce consistent network security policies across multiple VPCs in various projects. Policies must cover both ingress and egress traffic and cannot be overridden by project-level administrators. Which solution is appropriate?

A) Individual VPC firewall rules with IAM restrictions
B) Hierarchical firewall policies
C) Cloud Armor
D) VPC Service Controls

Answer:

B) Hierarchical firewall policies

Explanation:

A) Individual VPC firewall rules with IAM restrictions allow control over who can modify rules in a project. While this prevents unauthorized changes at the project level, it does not provide centralized enforcement across multiple VPCs or projects. Conflicts can arise when project administrators add rules that contradict organizational policies. Managing rules individually across projects is operationally complex and prone to human error.

B) Hierarchical firewall policies are correct. They allow administrators to define rules at the organization or folder level, which propagate automatically to all child projects and VPCs. These rules cannot be overridden by project-level administrators, ensuring centralized and consistent enforcement of ingress and egress policies. Hierarchical firewall policies simplify auditing, reduce operational overhead, and provide consistent protection for internal and external traffic. They scale efficiently across enterprise environments and align with regulatory and corporate compliance standards. By centralizing policy management, administrators ensure that all VPCs adhere to security best practices without relying on project-level configuration.

C) Cloud Armor provides Layer 7 protection for web applications, mitigating DDoS attacks and filtering HTTP(S) traffic. While useful at the application layer, Cloud Armor does not enforce network-layer policies across multiple VPCs or projects.

D) VPC Service Controls protect Google-managed services by creating security perimeters to prevent data exfiltration. They do not enforce general ingress or egress network policies across VPCs, making them insufficient for organization-wide network security enforcement.

Hierarchical firewall policies are the most effective solution for centralized, non-overridable network policy enforcement across multiple VPCs and projects.

Question 103:

You need to monitor network traffic across multiple VPCs to detect anomalies, optimize performance, and support security investigations. Which solution should you implement?

A) Firewall logging
B) Cloud Logging
C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery
D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer metrics

Answer:

C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery

Explanation:

A) Firewall logging provides insight into traffic allowed or denied by firewall rules. While useful for auditing firewall configurations, it does not offer complete visibility into network flows. It lacks details such as the full source and destination metadata, making it insufficient for anomaly detection, trend analysis, and forensic investigations across multiple VPCs.

B) Cloud Logging aggregates logs from various Google Cloud services, providing general observability. However, it does not capture detailed flow-level network data such as IP addresses, ports, protocols, bytes, or packet counts. Without this information, large-scale analytics, performance optimization, and security investigations are limited.

C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery are correct. Flow Logs capture detailed metadata for all ingress and egress traffic at the subnet level, including source/destination IP addresses, ports, protocols, packet counts, and bytes transferred. Exporting these logs to BigQuery allows scalable querying for anomaly detection, trend analysis, performance optimization, and forensic investigation. Security teams can detect unexpected traffic patterns, unauthorized access attempts, or potential data exfiltration. Operations teams can identify network bottlenecks, latency issues, or misconfigured routes. Integration with Cloud Monitoring enables real-time alerts and dashboards, providing operational visibility. Flow Logs provide centralized, queryable, and actionable data across multiple VPCs and projects, supporting both operational and security use cases.

D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer metrics offer insights into traffic through specific backend services but do not provide full network visibility. They are insufficient for large-scale monitoring, anomaly detection, or forensic analysis across multiple VPCs.

VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery provides comprehensive, centralized, and actionable network visibility that supports operational optimization and security monitoring.

Question 104:

You are designing a global web application that requires a single IP address, routing users to the nearest healthy backend, caching static content at the edge, and automatic failover across regions. Which load balancer should you use?

A) Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
C) Network Load Balancer
D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer

Answer:

B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer

Explanation:

A) Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer operates within a single region. It cannot provide a single global anycast IP address, global routing to the nearest healthy backend, or automatic cross-region failover. While it integrates with Cloud CDN, it does not offer the global distribution needed for a worldwide application.

B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer is correct. It provides a single anycast IP address worldwide, routes users to the closest healthy backend, and integrates with Cloud CDN for caching static content at the edge. Automatic failover ensures high availability if a backend or region becomes unhealthy. Additional features include SSL termination, path-based routing, and intelligent Layer 7 traffic distribution. This solution ensures low latency, high availability, and performance optimization for global users. The load balancer also provides metrics, logging, and monitoring to ensure optimal application performance and reliability.

C) Network Load Balancer operates at Layer 4 and is regional. It cannot provide global routing, caching at the edge, or automatic failover. It is better suited for high-throughput TCP/UDP workloads within a single region.

D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer is designed for private traffic within a VPC. It cannot serve public traffic, provide global reach, or edge caching, making it unsuitable for global web applications.

Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer meets all requirements for global routing, low latency, caching, and failover.

Question 105:

You are building a hybrid cloud architecture where on-premises workloads require private access to Google Cloud APIs without using public IP addresses. Only specific APIs should be accessible. Which solution should you implement?

A) Cloud NAT
B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints
C) Default internet gateway
D) VPC Peering

Answer:

B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints

Explanation:

A) Cloud NAT allows private VMs to access the internet without public IPs, but traffic still reaches public API endpoints and cannot be restricted to specific APIs. This violates security and compliance requirements.

B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints is correct. It enables private access to selected Google Cloud APIs using internal IP addresses. Administrators can control which APIs workloads can access, ensuring compliance with organizational security policies. Traffic remains within Google’s private network, avoiding exposure to the public internet. Private Service Connect scales across multiple projects and networks and can integrate with Cloud VPN or Dedicated Interconnect for hybrid deployments. Logging and monitoring capabilities provide visibility into API usage for auditing purposes. This solution ensures secure, private, and restricted access to Google Cloud APIs while maintaining operational scalability.

C) The default internet gateway sends traffic from VMs through public IP addresses, which violates the requirement for private access and secure communication. Because traffic traverses the public internet, it is exposed to higher security risks and potential interception. It also lacks the ability to restrict or control which Google APIs or external services are reachable. This makes it unsuitable for regulated environments or workloads that must maintain private connectivity. To meet privacy, compliance, and security requirements, organizations should instead use Private Google Access, Private Service Connect, or hybrid connectivity options that ensure all traffic stays within private networks.

D) VPC Peering allows private connectivity between VPCs, enabling workloads in different networks to communicate without traversing the public internet. However, it cannot provide private access to Google-managed APIs such as Cloud Storage, BigQuery, or Pub/Sub. It also cannot enforce API-level restrictions or service-specific access controls, limiting its usefulness in compliance-driven environments. Peering is strictly a networking connection, not an API security mechanism. Organizations requiring controlled, private API access must use solutions like Private Service Connect or VPC Service Controls, which offer stronger isolation, granular permissions, and secure integration with Google-managed services.

Private Service Connect is the only solution that provides private, secure, and controlled API access for hybrid cloud workloads.

Question 106:

You are tasked with connecting multiple on-premises sites to Google Cloud, ensuring encrypted communication, dynamic routing, high availability, and easy scalability for future sites. Which solution is most suitable?

A) Cloud VPN with static routes
B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP)
C) Dedicated Interconnect without Cloud Router
D) VPC Peering

Answer:

B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP)

Explanation:

A) Cloud VPN with static routes offers secure IPsec tunnels for encrypted communication. However, static routes are not dynamically updated if a tunnel fails, and manual intervention is required for failover. Scaling to multiple sites involves configuring static routes individually for each new site, increasing complexity and the chance of misconfiguration.

B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP) is correct because it combines encrypted tunnels with dynamic routing. BGP automatically advertises and learns routes between on-premises sites and Google Cloud VPCs. In the event of a tunnel failure, BGP withdraws routes associated with the failed tunnel and reroutes traffic through healthy tunnels. This ensures high availability without manual configuration. Multiple tunnels can be provisioned for redundancy, and adding new sites is seamless as routes are propagated automatically. Cloud Router also integrates with monitoring tools to provide visibility into tunnel health, route propagation, and potential issues. This solution meets all requirements for secure, scalable, resilient, and dynamically managed hybrid connectivity.

C) Dedicated Interconnect provides high-bandwidth and low-latency connectivity but lacks native encryption. Without Cloud Router, it requires static routing and manual failover management. Adding encryption via IPsec introduces operational complexity. While suitable for large throughput workloads, it does not meet the requirements for dynamic routing and automatic failover.

D) VPC Peering provides private communication between VPCs but cannot connect on-premises sites. It also lacks encryption and dynamic routing, making it unsuitable for hybrid cloud deployments requiring secure, scalable, and highly available connectivity.

Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP) is the best solution, fulfilling all requirements for multi-site hybrid cloud networking.

Question 107:

You need to enforce organization-wide ingress and egress security policies across multiple projects that cannot be overridden by project-level administrators. Which solution is appropriate?

A) Individual VPC firewall rules with IAM restrictions
B) Hierarchical firewall policies
C) Cloud Armor
D) VPC Service Controls

Answer:

B) Hierarchical firewall policies

Explanation:

A) Individual VPC firewall rules with IAM restrictions allow project-level control over rule modifications. While this limits who can modify rules, it does not provide centralized enforcement across multiple projects. Conflicts can still occur if project administrators introduce rules that contradict organization-wide policies. Managing individual firewall rules across multiple projects is operationally complex and prone to human error.

B) Hierarchical firewall policies are correct. These policies allow administrators to define rules at the organization or folder level, which automatically propagate to all child projects and VPCs. Project administrators cannot override these rules, ensuring consistent and centralized enforcement of ingress and egress policies. Hierarchical firewall policies simplify auditing, reduce operational overhead, and ensure that security compliance is maintained across all VPCs. They are scalable and provide a consistent security posture across enterprise environments, covering both internal and external traffic.

C) Cloud Armor provides Layer 7 protection for web applications, mitigating DDoS attacks and filtering HTTP(S) traffic. While effective for application-level security, Cloud Armor cannot enforce network-layer policies across multiple VPCs.

D) VPC Service Controls protect Google-managed services by creating security perimeters to prevent data exfiltration. They do not enforce general ingress or egress traffic policies across VPCs.

Hierarchical firewall policies are the only solution that ensures consistent, centralized, and non-overridable network policy enforcement across multiple projects.

Question 108:

You need detailed network visibility for anomaly detection, performance optimization, and security investigations across multiple VPCs. Which solution should you implement?

A) Firewall logging
B) Cloud Logging
C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery
D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer metrics

Answer:

C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery

Explanation:

A) Firewall logging captures traffic allowed or denied by firewall rules. While it provides insight into rule enforcement, it does not provide full visibility into all network flows. It lacks detailed metadata like source/destination IPs, ports, protocols, and bytes transferred, making it insufficient for anomaly detection and trend analysis.

B) Cloud Logging aggregates logs from multiple Google Cloud services, offering general observability. However, it does not inherently include flow-level metadata, which limits detailed analysis of network traffic.

C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery are correct. Flow Logs capture detailed metadata for all ingress and egress traffic at the subnet level, including IP addresses, ports, protocols, packet counts, and bytes transferred. Exporting to BigQuery enables scalable queries for anomaly detection, trend monitoring, and forensic investigations. Security teams can detect suspicious traffic, unauthorized access attempts, and potential data exfiltration. Operations teams can monitor performance, identify bottlenecks, and optimize traffic routing. Integration with Cloud Monitoring allows for real-time alerts and dashboards. Flow Logs provide centralized, actionable network visibility across multiple VPCs and projects, supporting both operational and security needs effectively.

D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer metrics provide limited insights into traffic passing through specific backend services. They do not offer comprehensive visibility or detailed metadata, making them insufficient for enterprise-scale monitoring.

VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery are the optimal solution for complete network observability, operational optimization, and security monitoring.

Question 109:

You are designing a global web application that requires a single IP address, routing users to the nearest healthy backend, edge caching, and automatic failover across regions. Which load balancer should you use?

A) Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
C) Network Load Balancer
D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer

Answer:

B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer

Explanation:

A) Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer operates in a single region. It cannot provide a global anycast IP, route users to the nearest healthy backend globally, or perform cross-region failover. Although it integrates with Cloud CDN, it lacks the global distribution required for worldwide applications.

B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer is correct. It provides a single anycast IP globally, routes users to the closest healthy backend, and integrates with Cloud CDN to cache static content at the edge. Automatic failover ensures high availability if a backend or region becomes unhealthy. Features like SSL termination, path-based routing, and intelligent Layer 7 traffic distribution optimize performance. It also provides logging, monitoring, and metrics for operational visibility. This solution ensures low latency, global reach, and high availability for web applications.

C) Network Load Balancer operates at Layer 4 (TCP/UDP) and is regional. It does not provide global routing, caching, or automatic failover, making it unsuitable for global web applications.

D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer is designed for private internal traffic within a VPC. It cannot provide global reach, caching, or public IP access, making it unsuitable for serving global web traffic.

Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer satisfies all requirements for a global web application, providing single IP access, low latency, caching, and high availability.

Question 110:

You are building a hybrid cloud solution where on-premises workloads require private access to specific Google Cloud APIs without using public IPs. Which solution should you implement?

A) Cloud NAT
B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints
C) Default internet gateway
D) VPC Peering

Answer:

B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints

Explanation:

A) Cloud NAT allows private VMs to access the internet without public IPs, but all traffic goes to public API endpoints, and it cannot restrict access to specific APIs. This violates privacy and compliance requirements.

B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints is correct. It enables private access to selected Google Cloud APIs using internal IP addresses. Administrators can define which APIs are accessible, ensuring compliance with organizational security policies. Traffic remains within Google’s private network, eliminating exposure to the public internet. Private Service Connect scales across multiple projects and networks and integrates seamlessly with Cloud VPN or Dedicated Interconnect for hybrid environments. Logging and monitoring capabilities allow auditing API usage. This solution ensures secure, private, and controlled access to Google Cloud APIs while maintaining operational scalability.

C) Default internet gateway routes traffic through public IPs, exposing VM traffic to the public internet and preventing enforcement of private access controls. It offers no mechanism to restrict which Google APIs or external services can be accessed, creating significant security, compliance, and data governance risks. This approach cannot ensure that sensitive workloads communicate only with approved Google services over private channels. For regulated or security-sensitive environments, solutions such as Private Google Access, Private Service Connect, or hybrid connectivity with Cloud VPN and Cloud Router are required to maintain full control, privacy, and compliance over outbound traffic.

D) VPC Peering allows private connectivity between VPCs, enabling low-latency communication without traversing the public internet. However, it cannot provide private access to Google-managed APIs such as Cloud Storage, BigQuery, or Pub/Sub, nor can it enforce API-level restrictions or service-specific access policies. Because peering is limited to basic network connectivity, it offers no mechanism to control or filter which Google services workloads can reach. This makes it unsuitable for environments requiring strict compliance, restricted API access, or private service communication. Organizations needing granular policy enforcement must use Private Service Connect or VPC Service Controls instead of relying on VPC Peering.

Private Service Connect is the only solution that provides secure, private, and restricted API access from on-premises workloads.

Question 111:

You are designing a hybrid cloud network to connect multiple on-premises sites to Google Cloud. The network must be encrypted, support dynamic routing, provide high availability, and allow easy addition of new sites. Which solution should you implement?

A) Cloud VPN with static routes
B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP)
C) Dedicated Interconnect without Cloud Router
D) VPC Peering

Answer:

B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP)

Explanation:

A) Cloud VPN with static routes provides encrypted communication using IPsec tunnels but lacks dynamic routing. Failover requires manual updates, and scaling to multiple sites involves configuring routes individually, increasing operational complexity and risk of misconfiguration.

B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP) is correct. It combines encrypted tunnels with dynamic route management via BGP. BGP automatically advertises and learns routes between Google Cloud and on-premises sites. If a tunnel fails, BGP withdraws the affected routes and reroutes traffic through healthy tunnels. Multiple tunnels provide redundancy, and adding new sites is seamless as routes propagate automatically. Integration with monitoring allows visibility into tunnel health, route changes, and traffic patterns. This solution meets all requirements for secure, scalable, high-availability hybrid connectivity.

C) Dedicated Interconnect provides high bandwidth and low latency but does not include native encryption. Without Cloud Router, it requires static routing and manual failover, which does not satisfy dynamic routing and automatic failover requirements. Adding encryption via IPsec increases operational complexity.

D) VPC Peering connects VPCs privately but does not connect on-premises sites. It lacks encryption and dynamic routing, making it unsuitable for hybrid cloud connectivity.

Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP) fulfills all requirements for multi-site hybrid networks, providing secure, resilient, and dynamically managed connectivity.

Question 112:

You need to enforce consistent security policies across multiple VPCs and projects. Policies must cover both ingress and egress traffic and cannot be overridden by project-level administrators. Which solution is appropriate?

A) Individual VPC firewall rules with IAM restrictions
B) Hierarchical firewall policies
C) Cloud Armor
D) VPC Service Controls

Answer:

B) Hierarchical firewall policies

Explanation:

A) Individual VPC firewall rules with IAM restrictions limit modifications at the project level but do not provide centralized enforcement. Conflicting rules may arise across projects, making it difficult to maintain compliance.

B) Hierarchical firewall policies are correct. They allow administrators to define rules at the organization or folder level, which propagate automatically to all child projects and VPCs. Project administrators cannot override these rules. This ensures consistent enforcement of ingress and egress policies, simplifies auditing, and reduces operational overhead. Hierarchical firewall policies cover both internal and external traffic, provide scalability, and enforce compliance across enterprise environments. By centralizing policy management, organizations maintain a consistent security posture without relying on project-level configuration.

C) Cloud Armor protects web applications at Layer 7 by filtering and mitigating threats such as DDoS attacks, SQL injection, and other malicious HTTP(S) traffic. However, it does not enforce network-layer policies across multiple VPCs or projects, as it is designed specifically for application-layer protection. It cannot manage firewall rules, control east-west traffic, or secure internal communications within or between VPCs. Organizations that need consistent network-level enforcement across large multi-project or multi-VPC environments must rely on hierarchical firewall policies, VPC Service Controls, or organization-level security controls. Cloud Armor complements these tools but cannot replace them for holistic network security.

D) VPC Service Controls protect Google-managed services by creating secure perimeters that prevent data exfiltration and unauthorized API access. However, they do not enforce general ingress or egress traffic policies across VPCs, subnets, or external networks. They focus strictly on securing access to Google APIs rather than controlling broader network flows. As a result, administrators must still rely on hierarchical firewall policies, organization policies, and network firewalls to manage traffic between VPCs or from on-premises environments. VPC Service Controls are a powerful complement to network security tools, but they cannot replace traditional network-level traffic enforcement.

Hierarchical firewall policies provide the most effective solution for centralized, non-overridable network policy enforcement.

Question 113:

You need detailed network visibility for security investigations, anomaly detection, and performance optimization across multiple VPCs. Which solution should you implement?

A) Firewall logging
B) Cloud Logging
C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery
D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer metrics

Answer:

C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery

Explanation:

A) Firewall logging provides insights into traffic allowed or denied by firewall rules but does not capture all network flows. Metadata is limited, which is insufficient for anomaly detection, trend analysis, or forensic investigations.

B) Cloud Logging aggregates logs from multiple Google Cloud services but does not inherently provide detailed flow-level network metadata. Without this data, large-scale analysis, security investigations, and operational monitoring are limited.

C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery are correct. Flow Logs capture detailed metadata for all ingress and egress traffic at the subnet level, including source/destination IPs, ports, protocols, bytes, and packet counts. Exporting to BigQuery allows scalable analysis for trend monitoring, anomaly detection, and forensic investigations. Security teams can identify unusual patterns, unauthorized access attempts, and potential data exfiltration. Operations teams can detect network bottlenecks, latency issues, and misconfigured routes. Integration with Cloud Monitoring enables real-time dashboards and alerts. Flow Logs provide centralized, queryable, and actionable visibility across multiple VPCs and projects, supporting both operational and security use cases.

D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer metrics offer partial insights into traffic passing through specific backend services. They do not provide holistic network visibility or detailed flow-level metadata, making them insufficient for enterprise-scale monitoring and analysis.

VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery are the optimal solution for comprehensive network monitoring, security visibility, and operational optimization.

Question 114:

You are designing a global web application that requires a single IP, routing users to the nearest healthy backend, edge caching, and automatic failover across regions. Which load balancer should you implement?

A) Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
C) Network Load Balancer
D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer

Answer:

B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer

Explanation:

A) Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer operates only within a single region. It cannot provide a single global anycast IP address, globally route users to the nearest healthy backend, or perform cross-region failover. While it integrates with Cloud CDN, it does not meet global distribution requirements.

B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer is correct. It provides a single anycast IP worldwide, routes users to the nearest healthy backend, integrates with Cloud CDN for caching static content at the edge, and supports automatic failover across regions. Additional features include SSL termination, path-based routing, and intelligent Layer 7 traffic distribution. Logging and monitoring provide operational visibility, allowing administrators to detect and respond to issues quickly. This solution ensures low latency, high availability, and optimized performance for global users.

C) Network Load Balancer operates at Layer 4 and is limited to regional deployment, meaning it cannot distribute traffic across multiple continents or provide a single global anycast IP. It also lacks caching capabilities, SSL termination, and advanced traffic steering features available in HTTP(S) load balancers. Because it offers no built-in cross-region failover, workloads behind it remain vulnerable to regional outages. While it is well-suited for high-throughput, latency-sensitive TCP/UDP workloads within one region—such as gaming servers, financial systems, or VoIP—it is not appropriate for global websites or applications that require intelligent routing, global distribution, or edge acceleration.

D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer is intended strictly for private internal traffic within a VPC or across peered VPCs. It cannot serve global public traffic, provide edge caching, or perform cross-region failover because it operates only at the regional level. It also lacks HTTP(S)-level intelligence, SSL termination, and global routing capabilities, making it unsuitable for internet-facing workloads. Since it is designed for backend or service-to-service communication, external users cannot directly access applications behind it. Organizations needing global availability, latency optimization, or public endpoint delivery must instead use global external HTTP(S) load balancers or other internet-facing load balancing solutions.

Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer meets all requirements for global web applications, offering single IP access, low latency, caching, and high availability.

Question 115:

You are building a hybrid cloud architecture where on-premises workloads require private access to specific Google Cloud APIs without public IPs. Which solution should you implement?

A) Cloud NAT
B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints
C) Default internet gateway
D) VPC Peering

Answer:

B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints

Explanation:

A) Cloud NAT allows private VMs to access the internet without public IPs, but traffic still reaches public API endpoints and cannot restrict access to specific APIs. This violates security and compliance requirements.

B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints is correct. It enables private access to selected Google Cloud APIs using internal IP addresses. Administrators can define which APIs are accessible, ensuring compliance and security. Traffic remains on Google’s private network, avoiding exposure to the public internet. Private Service Connect scales across multiple projects and networks and integrates with Cloud VPN or Dedicated Interconnect for hybrid environments. Logging and monitoring allow auditing of API usage. This solution ensures secure, private, and controlled access to Google Cloud APIs while supporting hybrid deployments.

C) Default internet gateway routes traffic via public IPs and cannot restrict API access, violating private access requirements.

D) VPC Peering provides private connectivity between VPCs but cannot enforce API-level access or connect to Google-managed APIs.

Private Service Connect is the only solution that provides secure, private, and restricted API access for hybrid cloud workloads.

Question 116:

You are designing a hybrid cloud network that connects multiple on-premises sites to Google Cloud. Requirements include encrypted traffic, dynamic routing, high availability, and easy expansion for future sites. Which solution should you implement?

A) Cloud VPN with static routes
B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP)
C) Dedicated Interconnect without Cloud Router
D) VPC Peering

Answer:

B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP)

Explanation:

A) Cloud VPN with static routes provides encrypted tunnels but lacks dynamic routing. Failover must be manually configured, and scaling to multiple sites requires adding static routes for each new site. This approach increases operational complexity, introduces potential misconfigurations, and does not provide seamless failover.

B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP) is correct. It combines secure IPsec tunnels with dynamic route management via BGP. Routes are automatically advertised and learned between on-premises sites and Google Cloud VPCs. If a tunnel fails, BGP withdraws the affected routes and reroutes traffic through healthy tunnels automatically, ensuring high availability. Multiple tunnels can be used for redundancy. Adding new sites requires minimal manual configuration, as routes propagate automatically. Monitoring tools provide visibility into tunnel health, route updates, and traffic flow. This solution fulfills all requirements for secure, scalable, high-availability hybrid connectivity.

C) Dedicated Interconnect provides high bandwidth and low latency but lacks native encryption. Without Cloud Router, static routes are required, and failover must be managed manually. Encryption would require additional configuration. While it is suitable for high-throughput workloads, it does not satisfy the dynamic routing and automatic failover requirement.

D) VPC Peering allows private connectivity between VPCs but cannot connect on-premises sites. It also lacks encryption and dynamic routing, making it unsuitable for hybrid cloud scenarios.

Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP) provides secure, resilient, and dynamically managed hybrid connectivity and meets all multi-site requirements.

Question 117:

You need to enforce consistent network security policies across multiple VPCs in different projects. Policies must cover ingress and egress traffic and cannot be overridden by project administrators. Which solution is appropriate?

A) Individual VPC firewall rules with IAM restrictions
B) Hierarchical firewall policies
C) Cloud Armor
D) VPC Service Controls

Answer:

B) Hierarchical firewall policies

Explanation:

A) Individual VPC firewall rules with IAM restrictions limit who can modify rules in a project but do not provide centralized enforcement across multiple projects. Conflicts can arise if project-level administrators introduce rules that contradict organization-wide policies. Managing rules individually is operationally complex and prone to errors.

B) Hierarchical firewall policies are correct. They allow administrators to define policies at the organization or folder level, automatically propagating rules to all child projects and VPCs. Project administrators cannot override these rules, ensuring consistent enforcement of ingress and egress policies. This centralization simplifies auditing, reduces operational overhead, and maintains compliance across enterprise environments. Hierarchical firewall policies scale efficiently and enforce consistent network security without relying on project-level configuration.

C) Cloud Armor protects web applications at Layer 7, mitigating DDoS attacks and filtering HTTP(S) traffic. It does not enforce network-layer policies across multiple VPCs.

D) VPC Service Controls protect Google-managed services by creating security perimeters to prevent data exfiltration. They do not enforce general ingress or egress traffic policies across VPCs.

Hierarchical firewall policies provide the most effective solution for centralized, non-overridable network policy enforcement across multiple projects.

Question 118:

You need comprehensive visibility into network traffic across multiple VPCs to detect anomalies, perform security investigations, and optimize performance. Which solution should you implement?

A) Firewall logging
B) Cloud Logging
C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery
D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer metrics

Answer:

C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery

Explanation:

A) Firewall logging captures allowed or denied traffic by firewall rules but does not provide complete visibility into all network flows. Metadata is limited, making it insufficient for anomaly detection, trend analysis, or forensic investigations.

B) Cloud Logging aggregates logs from multiple Google Cloud services, offering general observability, but does not provide detailed flow-level network metadata. Without this data, large-scale analysis and security investigations are limited.

C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery are correct. Flow Logs capture detailed metadata for all ingress and egress traffic at the subnet level, including source/destination IPs, ports, protocols, bytes, and packet counts. Exporting logs to BigQuery allows scalable querying for anomaly detection, performance optimization, and forensic investigations. Security teams can identify suspicious activity, unauthorized access attempts, and potential data exfiltration. Operations teams can monitor performance bottlenecks, latency issues, and misconfigured routes. Integration with Cloud Monitoring provides real-time dashboards and alerts. Flow Logs provide centralized, queryable, and actionable network visibility across multiple VPCs and projects, supporting both operational and security needs.

D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer metrics provide insights into traffic through specific backend services but do not offer full network visibility or detailed metadata, making them insufficient for enterprise-scale monitoring.

VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery are the optimal solution for enterprise-wide network monitoring, anomaly detection, and security investigations.

Question 119:

You are designing a global web application that requires a single IP, routing users to the nearest healthy backend, edge caching, and automatic failover across regions. Which load balancer should you implement?

A) Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
C) Network Load Balancer
D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer

Answer:

B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer

Explanation:

A) Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer operates within a single region and cannot provide a global anycast IP, route traffic globally, or provide automatic failover. While it integrates with Cloud CDN, it is limited to regional distribution.

B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer is correct. It provides a single anycast IP worldwide, routes users to the nearest healthy backend, integrates with Cloud CDN for caching static content at the edge, and supports automatic failover across regions. Features such as SSL termination, path-based routing, and intelligent Layer 7 traffic management optimize performance and reduce latency. Logging and monitoring provide visibility for operational management. This load balancer ensures high availability, global reach, and optimal performance for worldwide users.

C) Network Load Balancer is regional and operates at Layer 4, lacking global reach, caching, and failover. It is suitable for high-throughput TCP/UDP workloads within a single region but not for global web applications.

D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer is designed for private internal traffic. It cannot provide public global access, caching, or cross-region failover.

Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer meets all requirements for global web applications with high availability and performance optimization.

Question 120:

You are building a hybrid cloud environment where on-premises workloads require private access to specific Google Cloud APIs without public IPs. Which solution should you implement?

A) Cloud NAT
B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints
C) Default internet gateway
D) VPC Peering

Answer:

B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints

Explanation:

A) Cloud NAT allows private VMs to access the internet without public IPs, but traffic reaches public API endpoints and cannot be restricted to specific APIs. This violates security and compliance requirements.

B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints is correct. It enables private access to selected Google Cloud APIs using internal IP addresses. Administrators can define which APIs workloads can access, ensuring security and compliance. Traffic remains within Google’s private network, avoiding public exposure. Private Service Connect scales across multiple projects and networks and integrates with Cloud VPN or Dedicated Interconnect for hybrid deployments. Logging and monitoring capabilities provide auditing and visibility into API usage. This solution ensures secure, private, and restricted access to Google Cloud APIs while supporting hybrid cloud environments.

C) Default internet gateway routes traffic through public IPs and does not allow restricting access to specific APIs, violating private access requirements.

D) VPC Peering allows private connectivity between VPCs but cannot enforce API-level access or connect to Google-managed APIs.

Private Service Connect is the only solution that meets requirements for secure, private, and controlled API access from on-premises workloads.