Google Professional Cloud Network Engineer Exam Dumps and Practice Test Questions Set7 Q121-140

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Question 121:

You are designing a hybrid cloud architecture where multiple on-premises data centers must connect to Google Cloud securely. The solution must support dynamic routing, high availability, and encrypted communication while allowing easy expansion for future sites. Which approach should you implement?

A) Cloud VPN with static routes
B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP)
C) Dedicated Interconnect without Cloud Router
D) VPC Peering

Answer:

B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP)

Explanation:

A) Cloud VPN with static routes offers encrypted IPsec tunnels for secure communication. However, static routing lacks dynamic adjustments. If a tunnel or site fails, administrators must manually update routes. Scaling to multiple sites requires manually adding static routes, creating operational complexity and potential misconfigurations. This solution also does not support automated failover, making it less suitable for enterprise hybrid cloud environments.

B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP) is correct. This combination offers both encrypted communication through IPsec tunnels and dynamic route management using BGP. BGP automatically advertises and learns routes between Google Cloud VPCs and on-premises networks. In the event of a tunnel failure, BGP withdraws the affected routes and reroutes traffic through healthy tunnels, providing high availability without manual intervention. Multiple tunnels can be configured for redundancy, and adding new sites is seamless because routes propagate automatically. Cloud Router integrates with monitoring and alerting tools, providing visibility into tunnel health, route updates, and potential anomalies. This solution meets all requirements for secure, scalable, highly available, and dynamically managed hybrid connectivity.

C) Dedicated Interconnect provides high-bandwidth, low-latency connectivity between Google Cloud and on-premises sites. However, without Cloud Router, it relies on static routing and manual failover, which does not meet dynamic routing requirements. While encryption can be added via IPsec, it increases operational complexity. This option is ideal for large-volume data transfer but not for multi-site hybrid cloud networks requiring dynamic, automated route management.

D) VPC Peering provides private connectivity between VPC networks. It cannot connect on-premises sites, lacks encryption, and does not support dynamic routing. It is only suitable for intra-cloud connectivity between VPCs within or across projects.

Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP) provides the optimal solution by offering encrypted communication, dynamic routing, high availability, and seamless scalability for multi-site hybrid networks.

Question 122:

You need to enforce centralized, organization-wide ingress and egress security policies across multiple projects and VPCs. Policies must not be overridden by project administrators and should cover all traffic consistently. Which solution should you implement?

A) Individual VPC firewall rules with IAM restrictions
B) Hierarchical firewall policies
C) Cloud Armor
D) VPC Service Controls

Answer:

B) Hierarchical firewall policies

Explanation:

A) Individual VPC firewall rules with IAM restrictions limit which users can modify firewall rules within a project. While this prevents unauthorized changes, it does not provide centralized control across multiple projects or VPCs. Conflicting rules can still occur, and managing multiple projects individually introduces complexity and increases the risk of configuration errors.

B) Hierarchical firewall policies are correct. These policies allow administrators to define rules at the organization or folder level, which then automatically propagate to all child projects and VPCs. Project administrators cannot override these rules, ensuring consistent enforcement of ingress and egress traffic policies across the organization. Hierarchical firewall policies cover both internal and external traffic, simplify auditing, reduce operational overhead, and maintain regulatory compliance. They also scale efficiently as the organization grows and ensure that security configurations remain consistent, even in complex multi-project environments. Monitoring and logging integration provides visibility into policy enforcement, allowing proactive management of security risks.

C) Cloud Armor provides Layer 7 security for web applications, mitigating DDoS attacks and filtering HTTP(S) traffic. While effective for protecting application endpoints, it does not enforce organization-wide network policies at the VPC level.

D) VPC Service Controls protect Google-managed services by defining security perimeters to prevent data exfiltration. However, they do not enforce ingress or egress policies across all VPCs and projects.

Hierarchical firewall policies provide the most effective solution for centralized, non-overridable, organization-wide network policy enforcement, combining scalability, visibility, and operational efficiency.

Question 123:

You are tasked with implementing network monitoring for multiple VPCs to identify performance issues, detect anomalies, and support security investigations. Which solution provides detailed flow-level visibility and centralized analysis?

A) Firewall logging
B) Cloud Logging
C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery
D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer metrics

Answer:

C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery

Explanation:

A) Firewall logging captures traffic that is allowed or denied by firewall rules. While useful for auditing rule enforcement, it does not provide full visibility into network flows. It lacks details such as source and destination IP addresses, ports, protocols, packet counts, and bytes transferred. Consequently, it is insufficient for anomaly detection, trend analysis, or forensic investigation across multiple VPCs.

B) Cloud Logging aggregates logs from multiple Google Cloud services. Although useful for general observability, it does not inherently include detailed flow-level network data. Without flow-level metadata, comprehensive monitoring, performance optimization, and security investigations are limited.

C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery are correct. Flow Logs capture detailed metadata for all ingress and egress traffic at the subnet level, including source/destination IPs, ports, protocols, packet counts, and bytes transferred. Exporting these logs to BigQuery enables scalable querying and analysis for anomaly detection, trend monitoring, performance optimization, and forensic investigation. Security teams can identify unusual patterns, unauthorized access attempts, and potential data exfiltration. Operations teams can detect network bottlenecks, latency issues, and misconfigured routes. Integration with Cloud Monitoring allows for dashboards and real-time alerts. Flow Logs provide centralized, actionable, and queryable network visibility across multiple VPCs and projects, supporting both operational and security use cases effectively.

D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer metrics provide insights into traffic passing through specific backend services but do not offer complete network visibility or flow-level detail. They are insufficient for enterprise-scale monitoring and security analysis.

VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery is the optimal solution for detailed, centralized network visibility that enables both operational efficiency and security assurance.

Question 124:

You are designing a global web application requiring a single public IP, routing users to the nearest healthy backend, edge caching, and automatic failover across multiple regions. Which Google Cloud load balancer should you use?

A) Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
C) Network Load Balancer
D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer

Answer:

B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer

Explanation:

A) Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer operates within a single region. It cannot provide a global anycast IP, globally route traffic to the nearest backend, or provide cross-region automatic failover. Although it integrates with Cloud CDN for caching, it does not provide a global presence for worldwide applications.

B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer is correct. It provides a single anycast IP globally, routing users to the nearest healthy backend automatically. It integrates with Cloud CDN to cache static content at the edge, reducing latency and improving performance. Automatic failover ensures high availability if a region or backend becomes unhealthy. Additional capabilities include SSL termination, path-based routing, intelligent Layer 7 traffic management, logging, and monitoring. This load balancer is designed for high-performance global web applications requiring low latency, scalability, and high availability.

C) Network Load Balancer is regional and operates at Layer 4. It is optimized for TCP/UDP workloads but cannot provide global reach, caching, or automatic failover.

D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer is designed for private internal traffic within a VPC. It does not provide public global access, edge caching, or cross-region failover capabilities.

Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer meets all requirements for global web applications by offering single IP access, low latency, edge caching, and high availability.

Question 125:

You are building a hybrid cloud solution where on-premises workloads require private access to specific Google Cloud APIs without using public IPs. Only selected APIs should be accessible. Which solution should you implement?

A) Cloud NAT
B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints
C) Default internet gateway
D) VPC Peering

Answer:

B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints

Explanation:

A) Cloud NAT allows private VMs to access the internet without public IPs, but traffic goes to public API endpoints. It cannot restrict access to specific APIs, violating security and compliance requirements.

B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints is correct. It allows private access to selected Google Cloud APIs through internal IP addresses. Administrators can control which APIs workloads can access, ensuring security and compliance. Traffic remains on Google’s private network, avoiding exposure to the public internet. This solution scales across multiple projects and VPCs and integrates with Cloud VPN or Dedicated Interconnect for hybrid deployments. Logging and monitoring enable auditing of API access. Private Service Connect ensures secure, private, and controlled API access while supporting hybrid cloud workloads.

C) Default internet gateway routes traffic via public IPs and cannot restrict API access. This does not meet the requirement for private, controlled API access.

D) VPC Peering allows private connectivity between VPCs but cannot connect to Google-managed APIs or enforce API-level access restrictions.

Private Service Connect is the only solution that provides secure, private, and restricted API access for hybrid cloud workloads.

Question 126:

You need to connect multiple on-premises data centers to Google Cloud securely while ensuring high availability, dynamic routing, and ease of scaling for additional sites. Which solution is best suited?

A) Cloud VPN with static routes
B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP)
C) Dedicated Interconnect without Cloud Router
D) VPC Peering

Answer:

B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP)

Explanation:

A) Cloud VPN with static routes provides secure IPsec tunnels but relies on manually configured static routes. Failover is not automatic, and scaling to additional sites requires manual route updates. Operational complexity increases with multiple sites, and human errors can introduce network outages. This option is suitable for small-scale setups but fails to meet enterprise requirements for dynamic, resilient hybrid cloud networks.

B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP) is correct. Combining encrypted IPsec tunnels with dynamic routing via BGP allows automatic propagation of routes between Google Cloud and on-premises networks. If a tunnel fails, BGP withdraws the affected routes and redirects traffic through healthy tunnels without manual intervention. Multiple tunnels can be provisioned for redundancy, ensuring high availability. Adding new sites is seamless because BGP propagates routes automatically. Cloud Router also integrates with monitoring tools, providing insights into tunnel health, route changes, and potential issues. This approach fulfills all requirements for a scalable, secure, and highly available hybrid cloud architecture.

C) Dedicated Interconnect provides high-bandwidth, low-latency connectivity but lacks built-in encryption. Without Cloud Router, it relies on static routing and manual failover, which does not meet dynamic routing requirements. While suitable for heavy throughput workloads, it is not ideal for multi-site hybrid networks requiring automation and high availability.

D) VPC Peering allows private connectivity between VPCs but does not connect on-premises sites. It lacks encryption and dynamic routing, making it unsuitable for hybrid cloud scenarios.

Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP) provides the optimal balance of security, automation, redundancy, and scalability.

Question 127:

You need to enforce network security policies consistently across multiple VPCs and projects, covering both ingress and egress traffic, and ensure that project-level administrators cannot override these rules. Which solution should you choose?

A) Individual VPC firewall rules with IAM restrictions
B) Hierarchical firewall policies
C) Cloud Armor
D) VPC Service Controls

Answer:

B) Hierarchical firewall policies

Explanation:

A) Individual VPC firewall rules with IAM restrictions allow control over who can modify rules in a project. However, this does not provide centralized enforcement across multiple projects. Conflicting rules may arise if project-level administrators introduce conflicting configurations, making it difficult to maintain a consistent security posture.

B) Hierarchical firewall policies are correct. These policies allow administrators to define rules at the organization or folder level. The rules automatically propagate to all child projects and VPCs, and project administrators cannot override them. This ensures consistent enforcement of ingress and egress traffic policies across the organization. Hierarchical firewall policies simplify auditing, reduce operational overhead, and maintain regulatory compliance. They cover internal and external traffic and scale efficiently for large organizations. Logging and monitoring integration provides visibility into policy enforcement, enabling proactive security management.

C) Cloud Armor provides Layer 7 application security, protecting web applications against DDoS attacks and filtering HTTP(S) traffic. While useful at the application layer, it does not enforce network-layer policies across multiple VPCs.

D) VPC Service Controls protect Google-managed services through security perimeters, preventing data exfiltration. They do not enforce general ingress or egress policies across VPCs and projects.

Hierarchical firewall policies offer centralized, non-overridable network security enforcement, ensuring consistent policies organization-wide.

Question 128:

You need to implement comprehensive network monitoring for multiple VPCs to detect anomalies, optimize performance, and support forensic investigations. Which solution provides detailed flow-level visibility and centralized analysis?

A) Firewall logging
B) Cloud Logging
C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery
D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer metrics

Answer:

C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery

Explanation:

A) Firewall logging provides visibility into traffic allowed or denied by firewall rules. However, it does not provide full visibility of all network flows. Important metadata such as IP addresses, ports, protocols, packet counts, and bytes transferred is missing, limiting its usefulness for anomaly detection and forensic investigation across multiple VPCs.

B) Cloud Logging aggregates logs from various Google Cloud services, offering general observability. While useful for service-level monitoring, it does not inherently capture detailed flow-level network data required for anomaly detection, performance optimization, or forensic analysis.

C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery are correct. Flow Logs capture detailed metadata for all ingress and egress traffic at the subnet level, including source and destination IPs, ports, protocols, packet counts, and bytes transferred. Exporting these logs to BigQuery allows scalable querying and analysis for anomaly detection, performance monitoring, and forensic investigation. Security teams can detect suspicious activity, unauthorized access attempts, and potential data exfiltration. Operations teams can analyze traffic patterns, identify bottlenecks, and optimize routing. Integration with Cloud Monitoring enables dashboards and alerts for real-time monitoring. This solution provides centralized, queryable, and actionable visibility, supporting both operational efficiency and security management.

D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer metrics provide partial insights into traffic through specific backend services but do not capture complete network flows or provide detailed metadata, limiting their usefulness for enterprise-wide monitoring.

VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery provide the most comprehensive network visibility for operational, security, and forensic purposes.

Question 129:

You are designing a global web application that must provide a single public IP, route users to the nearest healthy backend, cache static content at the edge, and provide automatic failover across regions. Which load balancer is most appropriate?

A) Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
C) Network Load Balancer
D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer

Answer:

B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer

Explanation:

A) Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer operates in a single region. It cannot provide a global anycast IP address, route users globally to the nearest healthy backend, or provide cross-region automatic failover. It is limited in global reach, making it unsuitable for a worldwide application.

B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer is correct. It offers a single anycast IP address that is globally accessible, routing users to the nearest healthy backend automatically. Integration with Cloud CDN allows caching of static content at the edge, reducing latency and improving performance. Automatic failover ensures high availability if a region or backend becomes unavailable. Additional features include SSL termination, path-based routing, intelligent Layer 7 traffic distribution, logging, and monitoring. This load balancer meets all requirements for high-performance global web applications, providing low latency, scalability, and reliability.

C) Network Load Balancer is regional and operates at Layer 4 (TCP/UDP). It cannot provide global reach, edge caching, or automatic failover. It is suitable for high-throughput workloads within a single region but not for global web applications.

D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer is designed for private internal traffic. It does not provide public global access, edge caching, or cross-region failover, making it unsuitable for public-facing global applications.

Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer is the optimal solution for global web applications requiring low latency, caching, and high availability.

Question 130:

You are building a hybrid cloud environment where on-premises workloads need private access to specific Google Cloud APIs without using public IP addresses. Only selected APIs should be accessible. Which solution should you implement?

A) Cloud NAT
B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints
C) Default internet gateway
D) VPC Peering

Answer:

B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints

Explanation:

A) Cloud NAT allows private VMs to access the internet without public IPs, but traffic still goes to public API endpoints and cannot restrict access to specific APIs. This does not meet the requirement for private, controlled API access.

B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints is correct. It enables private access to selected Google Cloud APIs using internal IP addresses. Administrators can control which APIs workloads can access, ensuring compliance with security policies. Traffic remains within Google’s private network, avoiding exposure to the public internet. Private Service Connect scales across multiple projects and VPCs and integrates with Cloud VPN or Dedicated Interconnect for hybrid environments. Logging and monitoring provide visibility and auditability of API access. This solution ensures secure, private, and controlled API access while supporting hybrid cloud workloads effectively.

C) Default internet gateway routes traffic through public IPs and cannot restrict access to specific APIs. This violates private access requirements.

D) VPC Peering provides private connectivity between VPCs but cannot connect to Google-managed APIs or enforce API-level restrictions.

Private Service Connect ensures secure, private, and restricted API access for hybrid cloud workloads.

Question 131:

You are designing a hybrid cloud network where multiple on-premises sites need secure, high-availability connections to Google Cloud with dynamic routing and the ability to easily add new sites. Which solution should you implement?
A) Cloud VPN with static routes
B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP)
C) Dedicated Interconnect without Cloud Router
D) VPC Peering

Answer:

B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP)

Explanation:
A) Cloud VPN with static routes provides encrypted IPsec tunnels but relies on manually configured static routes. Failover requires manual intervention, and adding new sites involves updating routes manually. This increases operational complexity, risks human error, and is unsuitable for enterprise-scale hybrid networks that require high availability and scalability.

B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP) is correct. Combining encrypted tunnels with dynamic routing via BGP allows automatic route propagation between Google Cloud and on-premises networks. In the event of a tunnel failure, BGP withdraws affected routes and reroutes traffic through healthy tunnels without manual intervention. Multiple tunnels can be provisioned for redundancy. Adding new sites requires minimal configuration because routes are propagated automatically. Cloud Router integrates with monitoring tools to provide visibility into tunnel health, route updates, and potential issues. This approach meets all requirements for a secure, scalable, and highly available hybrid cloud architecture.

C) Dedicated Interconnect provides high bandwidth and low latency but lacks native encryption. Without Cloud Router, it relies on static routing and manual failover. Adding encryption through IPsec adds complexity. While it is ideal for high-throughput workloads, it does not meet dynamic routing or multi-site scaling requirements.

D) VPC Peering connects VPCs privately within Google Cloud but cannot extend connectivity to on-premises sites, making it inappropriate for hybrid cloud architectures that require seamless integration between cloud and data-center networks. It also lacks built-in encryption, so sensitive traffic may require additional security measures. Furthermore, VPC Peering does not support dynamic routing, meaning all routes must be added and updated manually, which becomes increasingly difficult as networks scale. These limitations make peering unsuitable for organizations needing secure, automated, and resilient hybrid cloud connectivity. Solutions such as Cloud VPN with Cloud Router or Dedicated Interconnect offer far more flexibility and security.

Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP) is the optimal solution for secure, scalable, and dynamically managed hybrid connectivity.

Question 132:

You are required to enforce consistent network security policies across multiple VPCs and projects, ensuring that project-level administrators cannot override the rules. Which solution should you use?

A) Individual VPC firewall rules with IAM restrictions
B) Hierarchical firewall policies
C) Cloud Armor
D) VPC Service Controls

Answer:

B) Hierarchical firewall policies

Explanation:

A) Individual VPC firewall rules with IAM restrictions allow control over who can modify rules within a project. However, they do not provide centralized enforcement across multiple projects. Conflicting rules can occur, and maintaining consistency across multiple VPCs is operationally challenging.

B) Hierarchical firewall policies are correct. These policies allow administrators to define rules at the organization or folder level, which automatically propagate to all child projects and VPCs. Project-level administrators cannot override these rules, ensuring consistent enforcement of ingress and egress policies. This centralization reduces administrative overhead, simplifies auditing, and maintains compliance across an enterprise. Hierarchical firewall policies scale efficiently, covering both internal and external traffic, and ensure that organizational security policies are applied uniformly. Logging and monitoring integration provides visibility into policy enforcement and potential violations, enabling proactive management of security risks.

C) Cloud Armor protects web applications at Layer 7 by mitigating DDoS attacks, filtering malicious HTTP(S) traffic, and providing application-level security controls. However, it does not enforce network-layer policies across VPCs, such as controlling traffic between subnets, projects, or regions. For comprehensive network security, organizations must complement Cloud Armor with hierarchical firewall policies, VPC Service Controls, or other network-level enforcement mechanisms. Cloud Armor enhances application security but cannot replace enterprise-wide network traffic management, access control, or policy enforcement across multiple VPCs and projects, which are essential for maintaining compliance, regulatory requirements, and consistent network protection.

D) VPC Service Controls create security perimeters around Google-managed services to prevent data exfiltration, unauthorized access, and accidental exposure of sensitive information. However, they do not enforce general ingress or egress traffic policies across VPCs, subnets, or between on-premises and cloud networks. Organizations still need hierarchical firewall policies, network-level access controls, and monitoring tools to manage overall traffic flows and enforce enterprise-wide security standards. VPC Service Controls focus on protecting Google APIs and services, but they must be combined with other network security solutions to achieve comprehensive, policy-driven network enforcement and ensure full compliance across hybrid or multi-project cloud environments.

Hierarchical firewall policies provide centralized, non-overridable security enforcement, ensuring consistent network policy application across multiple projects and VPCs.

Question 133:

You need detailed network visibility to detect anomalies, optimize performance, and support security investigations across multiple VPCs. Which solution provides the most comprehensive insights?

A) Firewall logging
B) Cloud Logging
C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery
D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer metrics

Answer:

C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery

Explanation:

A) Firewall logging captures allowed or denied traffic per firewall rule but does not provide full visibility into all network flows. Metadata such as source and destination IPs, ports, protocols, packet counts, and bytes is limited, reducing its effectiveness for anomaly detection and forensic investigation.

B) Cloud Logging aggregates logs from multiple Google Cloud services, offering general observability. It does not inherently include flow-level network metadata, limiting its usefulness for detecting anomalies, monitoring performance, or conducting security investigations.

C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery are correct. Flow Logs capture detailed metadata for all ingress and egress traffic at the subnet level, including IPs, ports, protocols, packet counts, and bytes transferred. Exporting to BigQuery allows scalable querying for anomaly detection, performance monitoring, and forensic analysis. Security teams can identify suspicious behavior, unauthorized access attempts, or potential data exfiltration. Operations teams can optimize routing, detect bottlenecks, and troubleshoot network issues. Integration with Cloud Monitoring enables real-time alerts and dashboards. Flow Logs provide centralized, actionable, and queryable network visibility across multiple VPCs and projects, supporting both operational efficiency and security compliance.

D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer metrics provide limited insights into backend traffic flows but do not offer comprehensive flow-level visibility. They are insufficient for enterprise-scale monitoring.

VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery are the optimal solution for detailed, centralized network visibility that supports security, performance, and operational analysis.

Question 134:

You are designing a global web application requiring a single public IP, routing users to the nearest healthy backend, edge caching, and automatic failover across regions. Which load balancer is best?

A) Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
C) Network Load Balancer
D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer

Answer:

B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer

Explanation:

A) Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer is limited to a single region. It cannot provide a global anycast IP, route users to the nearest healthy backend globally, or provide cross-region automatic failover. It is unsuitable for worldwide applications.

B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer is correct. It provides a single global anycast IP address, automatically routing users to the nearest healthy backend. Integration with Cloud CDN allows caching of static content at the edge, reducing latency and improving user experience. Automatic failover ensures high availability if a backend or region becomes unhealthy. Features such as SSL termination, path-based routing, intelligent Layer 7 traffic management, logging, and monitoring enable global application performance and reliability. This load balancer is ideal for high-performance, globally distributed web applications.

C) Network Load Balancer is regional and operates at Layer 4, providing TCP/UDP traffic distribution. It cannot deliver global reach, caching, or automatic failover, limiting its suitability for global web applications.

D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer is specifically designed for private, internal traffic within a VPC or between peered VPCs. It does not provide public access, edge caching, or automatic failover across regions. It also lacks Layer 7 features such as SSL termination, HTTP(S) routing, or content-based traffic management, making it unsuitable for internet-facing applications. Its primary use case is service-to-service communication, backend workloads, or microservices architectures within a secure, regional network. Organizations requiring global reach, high availability for public traffic, or low-latency content delivery should instead deploy global HTTP(S) load balancers integrated with Cloud CDN and multi-region backends.

Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer meets all requirements for worldwide applications, ensuring low latency, high availability, and optimized performance.

Question 135:

You are building a hybrid cloud solution where on-premises workloads need private access to specific Google Cloud APIs without using public IPs. Only selected APIs should be accessible. Which solution should you implement?

A) Cloud NAT
B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints
C) Default internet gateway
D) VPC Peering

Answer:

B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints

Explanation:

A) Cloud NAT allows private VMs to access the internet without public IPs, but traffic still reaches public API endpoints and cannot be restricted to specific APIs. This does not meet security or compliance requirements for private access.

B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints is correct. It allows private access to selected Google Cloud APIs using internal IP addresses. Administrators can define which APIs workloads can access, ensuring secure and compliant access. Traffic remains within Google’s private network, avoiding exposure to the public internet. This solution scales across multiple projects and VPCs and integrates with Cloud VPN or Dedicated Interconnect for hybrid deployments. Logging and monitoring provide visibility and auditability of API access. Private Service Connect ensures private, secure, and controlled API connectivity while supporting hybrid cloud workloads effectively.

C) The default internet gateway routes all outbound traffic from VMs through public IP addresses, exposing it to the public internet and increasing security and compliance risks. It cannot enforce restrictions on which Google APIs or external services are accessible, making it unsuitable for environments that require private connectivity. Enterprises needing controlled, secure access to Google Cloud services must use alternatives such as Private Google Access, Private Service Connect, or hybrid connectivity solutions like Cloud VPN with Cloud Router to ensure all traffic remains private, compliant, and protected from interception or unauthorized access.

D) VPC Peering provides private connectivity between VPCs, enabling workloads to communicate securely without traversing the public internet. However, it cannot enforce API-level access controls or provide private connectivity to Google-managed services such as Cloud Storage, BigQuery, or Pub/Sub. Because peering only establishes network-level connectivity, it does not offer granular access management or service-specific restrictions. Organizations requiring secure, compliant, and controlled access to Google APIs must use solutions like Private Service Connect or VPC Service Controls. VPC Peering is therefore suitable only for intra-cloud communication and cannot replace tools designed to enforce API security or private service access.

Private Service Connect is the only solution that provides secure, private, and restricted API access for hybrid cloud environments.

Question 136:

You are designing a hybrid cloud environment where multiple on-premises sites must connect securely to Google Cloud. The solution must support encrypted communication, high availability, dynamic routing, and scalability for future sites. Which solution is best suited?

A) Cloud VPN with static routes
B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP)
C) Dedicated Interconnect without Cloud Router
D) VPC Peering

Answer:

B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP)

Explanation:

A) Cloud VPN with static routes uses IPsec tunnels to encrypt traffic between on-premises and Google Cloud. However, static routes require manual configuration and updates. If a tunnel fails, routes must be manually modified to redirect traffic. Adding new sites increases operational complexity, and the lack of automatic failover makes it unsuitable for high-availability enterprise deployments.

B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP) is correct. This combination provides encrypted IPsec tunnels along with dynamic route management using BGP. Routes are automatically advertised and learned between on-premises networks and Google Cloud VPCs. In case of tunnel failures, BGP withdraws affected routes and reroutes traffic automatically through healthy tunnels, ensuring high availability. Multiple tunnels can be used for redundancy. Adding new sites is straightforward because BGP propagates routes automatically, minimizing manual configuration. Cloud Router integrates with monitoring tools to track tunnel health, route updates, and anomalies. This solution satisfies all requirements for secure, scalable, and highly available hybrid connectivity.

C) Dedicated Interconnect provides high bandwidth and low latency but lacks native encryption. Without Cloud Router, it requires static routes and manual failover, which does not satisfy dynamic routing and high-availability requirements. Encryption can be added via IPsec, but this increases operational complexity.

D) VPC Peering connects VPCs privately but cannot connect on-premises sites. It lacks encryption and dynamic routing, making it unsuitable for hybrid cloud scenarios.

Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP) is the optimal choice for secure, scalable, and dynamically managed hybrid cloud connectivity.

Question 137:

You need to enforce organization-wide ingress and egress security policies across multiple VPCs and projects. Policies must not be overridden by project administrators and should be consistently applied. Which solution should you implement?

A) Individual VPC firewall rules with IAM restrictions
B) Hierarchical firewall policies
C) Cloud Armor
D) VPC Service Controls

Answer:

B) Hierarchical firewall policies

Explanation:

A) Individual VPC firewall rules with IAM restrictions limit who can modify rules within a project. However, they do not provide centralized enforcement across multiple projects or VPCs. Conflicting rules can arise, making it challenging to maintain a consistent security posture and compliance.

B) Hierarchical firewall policies are correct. They allow administrators to define rules at the organization or folder level, which automatically propagate to all child projects and VPCs. Project administrators cannot override these rules, ensuring consistent enforcement of ingress and egress traffic policies across the organization. This centralization reduces administrative overhead, simplifies auditing, and maintains regulatory compliance. Hierarchical firewall policies cover both internal and external traffic and scale efficiently for large organizations. Logging and monitoring integration provides visibility into policy enforcement, enabling proactive management of security risks.

C) Cloud Armor protects applications at Layer 7, mitigating DDoS attacks and filtering HTTP(S) traffic. It does not enforce organization-wide network-layer policies.

D) VPC Service Controls protect Google-managed services by creating security perimeters. They do not enforce general ingress or egress policies across multiple VPCs or projects.

Hierarchical firewall policies provide centralized, non-overridable security enforcement, ensuring consistent network policy application organization-wide.

Question 138:

You need to implement comprehensive network monitoring across multiple VPCs to detect anomalies, optimize performance, and support security investigations. Which solution provides detailed flow-level visibility and centralized analysis?

A) Firewall logging
B) Cloud Logging
C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery
D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer metrics

Answer:

C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery

Explanation:

A) Firewall logging captures traffic allowed or denied by firewall rules. It does not provide full visibility into all network flows, lacks detailed metadata like IP addresses, ports, protocols, packet counts, and bytes transferred, and is insufficient for anomaly detection and forensic investigations across multiple VPCs.

B) Cloud Logging aggregates logs from multiple Google Cloud services for general observability. It does not inherently capture detailed flow-level network metadata, limiting its usefulness for security investigations, performance monitoring, and anomaly detection.

C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery are correct. Flow Logs capture detailed metadata for all ingress and egress traffic at the subnet level, including source and destination IPs, ports, protocols, packet counts, and bytes transferred. Exporting logs to BigQuery enables scalable analysis for anomaly detection, performance optimization, and forensic investigations. Security teams can identify suspicious behavior, unauthorized access, and potential data exfiltration. Operations teams can optimize routing, detect bottlenecks, and troubleshoot issues. Integration with Cloud Monitoring provides dashboards and real-time alerts. Flow Logs provide centralized, queryable, and actionable network visibility across multiple VPCs and projects, supporting operational efficiency and security compliance.

D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer metrics provide limited insights into backend traffic flows but do not capture complete network flows or detailed metadata, making them unsuitable for enterprise-wide monitoring.

VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery is the most comprehensive solution for enterprise-scale network visibility, security, and operational monitoring.

Question 139:

You are designing a global web application requiring a single public IP, routing users to the nearest healthy backend, caching static content at the edge, and automatic failover across multiple regions. Which load balancer should you implement?

A) Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
C) Network Load Balancer
D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer

Answer:

B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer

Explanation:

A) Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer operates only within a single region. It cannot provide a global anycast IP, route traffic globally, or provide cross-region automatic failover. While it supports Cloud CDN for caching, it is not suitable for global web applications.

B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer is correct. It provides a single global anycast IP, routing users to the nearest healthy backend automatically. Integration with Cloud CDN caches static content at the edge, reducing latency and improving user experience. Automatic failover ensures high availability if a region or backend becomes unhealthy. Additional features include SSL termination, path-based routing, intelligent Layer 7 traffic distribution, logging, and monitoring. This solution ensures low latency, high availability, and global scalability for web applications.

C) Network Load Balancer is regional and operates at Layer 4. It cannot provide global reach, caching, or cross-region failover, making it unsuitable for worldwide applications.

D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer is designed for private internal traffic. It cannot provide public access, edge caching, or cross-region failover.

Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer meets all requirements for globally distributed web applications with high performance and reliability.

Question 140:

You are building a hybrid cloud architecture where on-premises workloads require private access to selected Google Cloud APIs without using public IPs. Which solution should you implement?

A) Cloud NAT
B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints
C) Default internet gateway
D) VPC Peering

Answer:

B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints

Explanation:

A) Cloud NAT allows private VMs to access the internet without public IPs, but traffic reaches public API endpoints and cannot restrict access to specific APIs. This does not meet security or compliance requirements.

B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints is correct. It provides private access to selected Google Cloud APIs using internal IP addresses. Administrators can define which APIs workloads can access, ensuring secure, controlled, and compliant access. Traffic remains within Google’s private network, avoiding public exposure. It scales across multiple projects and VPCs and integrates with Cloud VPN or Dedicated Interconnect for hybrid deployments. Logging and monitoring allow auditing and visibility into API usage. Private Service Connect ensures secure, private, and restricted API access for hybrid cloud workloads.

C) Default internet gateway routes traffic via public IPs and cannot restrict access to specific APIs, violating private access requirements.

D) VPC Peering allows private connectivity between VPCs but does not provide access to Google-managed APIs or enforce API-level restrictions.

Private Service Connect is the only solution that satisfies the requirement for secure, private, and controlled API access in a hybrid cloud environment.