Google Professional Cloud Network Engineer Exam Dumps and Practice Test Questions Set8 Q141-160

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Question 141:

You are designing a hybrid cloud network for an enterprise with multiple on-premises sites. The solution must provide secure connectivity, high availability, and dynamic routing, while allowing easy expansion for additional sites. Which solution should you implement?

A) Cloud VPN with static routes
B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP)
C) Dedicated Interconnect without Cloud Router
D) VPC Peering

Answer:

B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP)

Explanation:

A) Cloud VPN with static routes provides secure communication using IPsec tunnels. However, static routes require manual configuration. If a tunnel fails, administrators must manually modify routes to reroute traffic, which increases the risk of downtime. Adding new sites requires manual updates of static routes, introducing operational complexity. This solution is feasible for small-scale deployments but is not ideal for enterprise-scale networks requiring high availability and scalability.

B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP) is correct. Combining encrypted tunnels with dynamic routing via BGP provides several advantages. Routes are automatically propagated between Google Cloud and on-premises networks, and if a tunnel fails, BGP withdraws affected routes and redirects traffic through healthy tunnels automatically. Multiple tunnels can be deployed for redundancy, ensuring high availability. Adding new sites is straightforward, as routes propagate dynamically without manual configuration. Cloud Router integrates with monitoring tools to provide visibility into tunnel health, route updates, and anomalies. This combination meets the requirements for a secure, scalable, and highly available hybrid cloud network.

C) Dedicated Interconnect offers high bandwidth and low latency but lacks native encryption. Without Cloud Router, it relies on static routing and manual failover, making it less suitable for multi-site hybrid networks that require dynamic routing. Adding IPsec encryption increases operational complexity.

D) VPC Peering provides private connectivity between VPCs but cannot connect on-premises sites. It also lacks encryption and dynamic routing, making it unsuitable for hybrid cloud deployments.

Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP) is the optimal solution for secure, scalable, and dynamically managed hybrid connectivity.

Question 142:

You need to enforce centralized security policies across multiple projects and VPCs, ensuring that project-level administrators cannot override ingress and egress rules. Which solution should you implement?

A) Individual VPC firewall rules with IAM restrictions
B) Hierarchical firewall policies
C) Cloud Armor
D) VPC Service Controls

Answer:

B) Hierarchical firewall policies

Explanation:

A) Individual VPC firewall rules with IAM restrictions limit who can modify rules within a project. However, they do not provide centralized enforcement across multiple projects or VPCs. Conflicting rules may arise, making it difficult to maintain a consistent security posture. This approach also introduces significant operational overhead in large organizations.

B) Hierarchical firewall policies are correct. These policies allow administrators to define rules at the organization or folder level, which automatically propagate to all child projects and VPCs. Project-level administrators cannot override these rules, ensuring consistent enforcement of ingress and egress policies. This centralization simplifies auditing, reduces administrative overhead, and ensures compliance across the organization. Hierarchical firewall policies scale efficiently, covering both internal and external traffic, and allow proactive monitoring of policy enforcement. Logging and monitoring integrations provide visibility, helping to detect misconfigurations or policy violations before they impact security.

C) Cloud Armor provides Layer 7 application security for web applications, mitigating DDoS attacks and filtering HTTP(S) traffic. It does not enforce network-layer policies across multiple projects and VPCs.

D) VPC Service Controls create perimeters around Google-managed services to prevent data exfiltration but do not enforce general ingress or egress policies across multiple VPCs.

Hierarchical firewall policies provide a centralized, scalable, and non-overridable solution for enforcing network security across an enterprise.

Question 143:

You need detailed network visibility across multiple VPCs to detect anomalies, optimize performance, and support security investigations. Which solution provides comprehensive flow-level visibility and centralized analysis?

A) Firewall logging
B) Cloud Logging
C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery
D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer metrics

Answer:

C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery

Explanation:

A) Firewall logging captures traffic that is allowed or denied by firewall rules. While useful for auditing rule enforcement, it does not provide complete visibility into all network flows. Important metadata such as source and destination IPs, ports, protocols, packet counts, and bytes transferred is not captured. This limits its effectiveness for anomaly detection, performance optimization, and forensic investigation.

B) Cloud Logging aggregates logs from multiple Google Cloud services and provides general observability. However, it does not inherently capture flow-level network metadata, which is essential for security and operational analysis across multiple VPCs.

C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery are correct. Flow Logs capture detailed metadata for all ingress and egress traffic at the subnet level, including source/destination IPs, ports, protocols, packet counts, and bytes transferred. Exporting logs to BigQuery enables scalable querying for anomaly detection, traffic pattern analysis, performance optimization, and forensic investigations. Security teams can identify unauthorized access attempts, suspicious activity, or potential data exfiltration. Operations teams can detect bottlenecks, optimize routing, and troubleshoot network performance issues. Integration with Cloud Monitoring allows dashboards and real-time alerts. Flow Logs provide centralized, queryable, and actionable network visibility across multiple VPCs and projects, supporting both operational efficiency and security compliance.

D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer metrics provide insights into traffic passing through specific backend services. However, they do not offer full network flow visibility and lack detailed metadata, making them insufficient for enterprise-scale monitoring.

VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery is the most comprehensive solution for enterprise-wide network visibility, supporting both operational and security needs effectively.

Question 144:

You are designing a global web application that requires a single public IP, routing users to the nearest healthy backend, caching static content at the edge, and providing automatic failover across multiple regions. Which load balancer should you implement?

A) Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
C) Network Load Balancer
D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer

Answer:

B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer

Explanation:

A) Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer operates within a single region. It cannot provide a global anycast IP, route users to the nearest backend globally, or provide cross-region automatic failover. It is limited in scalability and global reach, making it unsuitable for worldwide applications.

B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer is correct. It provides a single global anycast IP address, routing users to the nearest healthy backend automatically. Integration with Cloud CDN caches static content at the edge, reducing latency and improving performance. Automatic failover ensures high availability if a region or backend becomes unhealthy. Additional features include SSL termination, path-based routing, intelligent Layer 7 traffic management, logging, and monitoring. This load balancer is ideal for globally distributed web applications requiring low latency, scalability, and high availability.

C) Network Load Balancer is regional and operates at Layer 4 (TCP/UDP). It cannot provide global reach, edge caching, or automatic failover. It is suitable for high-throughput workloads in a single region but not for global web applications.

D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer is designed for private internal traffic and cannot provide public access, caching, or cross-region failover, making it unsuitable for global web applications.

Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer meets all requirements for worldwide applications, ensuring high performance, low latency, and global availability.

Question 145:

You are building a hybrid cloud solution where on-premises workloads require private access to selected Google Cloud APIs without using public IPs. Which solution should you implement?

A) Cloud NAT
B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints
C) Default internet gateway
D) VPC Peering

Answer:

B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints

Explanation:

A) Cloud NAT allows private VMs to access the internet without public IPs. However, traffic still reaches public API endpoints and cannot restrict access to specific APIs. This does not satisfy security or compliance requirements for private access.

B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints is correct. It allows private access to selected Google Cloud APIs using internal IP addresses. Administrators can define which APIs workloads can access, ensuring secure and compliant access. Traffic remains within Google’s private network, avoiding exposure to the public internet. Private Service Connect scales across multiple projects and VPCs and integrates with Cloud VPN or Dedicated Interconnect for hybrid deployments. Logging and monitoring provide visibility and auditability of API access. This solution ensures secure, private, and controlled API access while supporting hybrid cloud workloads effectively.

C) Default internet gateway routes traffic through public IPs and cannot restrict access to specific APIs, violating private access requirements.

D) VPC Peering allows private connectivity between VPCs but does not provide access to Google-managed APIs or enforce API-level restrictions.

Private Service Connect is the only solution that provides secure, private, and restricted API access in a hybrid cloud environment.

Question 146:

You are designing a hybrid cloud network where multiple on-premises sites require secure connectivity, high availability, and dynamic routing, with the ability to scale for future sites. Which solution is most appropriate?

A) Cloud VPN with static routes
B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP)
C) Dedicated Interconnect without Cloud Router
D) VPC Peering

Answer:

B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP)

Explanation:

A) Cloud VPN with static routes establishes encrypted IPsec tunnels between on-premises and Google Cloud. While secure, static routes require manual configuration. If a tunnel fails, routes must be manually updated to reroute traffic. Adding new sites increases operational overhead, as each new site requires route configuration. This solution is suitable for small-scale deployments but lacks automation and scalability.

B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP) is correct. Combining IPsec tunnels with BGP allows dynamic route management. Routes are automatically advertised and learned between Google Cloud and on-premises networks. In case of a tunnel failure, BGP withdraws affected routes and reroutes traffic through healthy tunnels automatically, ensuring high availability. Multiple tunnels can provide redundancy. Adding new sites is simple, as routes propagate dynamically without manual intervention. Cloud Router also integrates with monitoring tools for visibility into tunnel health and route changes. This solution meets the requirements for secure, scalable, and highly available hybrid connectivity.

C) Dedicated Interconnect offers high bandwidth and low latency but lacks native encryption. Without Cloud Router, it relies on static routing and manual failover. While suitable for high-throughput workloads, it does not meet requirements for dynamic routing or multi-site scalability.

D) VPC Peering provides private connectivity between VPCs but cannot connect on-premises sites. It also lacks encryption and dynamic routing, making it unsuitable for hybrid deployments.

Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP) is the optimal solution for secure, scalable, and dynamically managed hybrid connectivity.

Question 147:

You need to enforce centralized ingress and egress security policies across multiple VPCs and projects, ensuring that project administrators cannot override them. Which solution should you implement?

A) Individual VPC firewall rules with IAM restrictions
B) Hierarchical firewall policies
C) Cloud Armor
D) VPC Service Controls

Answer:

B) Hierarchical firewall policies

Explanation:

A) Individual VPC firewall rules with IAM restrictions allow control over who can modify rules within a project. However, they do not provide centralized enforcement across multiple projects or VPCs. Conflicts can arise, and ensuring consistent security enforcement is operationally challenging at scale.

B) Hierarchical firewall policies are correct. These policies allow administrators to define rules at the organization or folder level, automatically propagating to all child projects and VPCs. Project-level administrators cannot override these rules, ensuring consistent ingress and egress enforcement. Centralized policies reduce administrative overhead, simplify auditing, and maintain compliance. Hierarchical firewall policies scale efficiently, covering both internal and external traffic. Logging and monitoring integration provides visibility, enabling proactive identification of misconfigurations or policy violations before they impact security.

C) Cloud Armor protects applications at Layer 7 from DDoS attacks and filters HTTP(S) traffic. It does not enforce network-level policies across multiple projects.

D) VPC Service Controls create security perimeters around Google-managed services to prevent data exfiltration but do not enforce general network policies across multiple VPCs.

Hierarchical firewall policies provide centralized, scalable, and non-overridable enforcement of network security policies across an enterprise.

Question 148:

You need detailed network visibility to detect anomalies, optimize performance, and support forensic investigations across multiple VPCs. Which solution provides comprehensive flow-level visibility and centralized analysis?

A) Firewall logging
B) Cloud Logging
C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery
D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer metrics

Answer:

C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery

Explanation:

A) Firewall logging captures allowed or denied traffic based on firewall rules. It provides limited metadata and does not offer full visibility into all network flows, limiting its effectiveness for anomaly detection or forensic investigation across multiple VPCs.

B) Cloud Logging aggregates logs from various Google Cloud services for general observability. It does not inherently capture detailed flow-level network metadata, reducing its usefulness for security or operational analysis.

C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery are correct. Flow Logs capture metadata for all ingress and egress traffic at the subnet level, including IP addresses, ports, protocols, packet counts, and bytes transferred. Exporting to BigQuery allows scalable querying and analysis for anomaly detection, performance optimization, and forensic investigation. Security teams can identify suspicious activity, unauthorized access, or potential data exfiltration. Operations teams can detect bottlenecks, optimize routing, and troubleshoot performance issues. Integration with Cloud Monitoring enables dashboards and real-time alerts. VPC Flow Logs provide centralized, queryable, and actionable network visibility across multiple VPCs, supporting operational efficiency and security compliance.

D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer metrics provide insights into traffic for specific backends but do not capture complete network flows or metadata, making them insufficient for enterprise-scale monitoring.

VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery is the most comprehensive solution for detailed, centralized network visibility.

Question 149:

You are designing a global web application that requires a single public IP, routing users to the nearest healthy backend, caching static content at the edge, and providing automatic failover across multiple regions. Which load balancer should you implement?

A) Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
C) Network Load Balancer
D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer

Answer:

B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer

Explanation:

A) Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer operates within a single region. It cannot provide a global anycast IP, route users globally to the nearest backend, or provide automatic cross-region failover. While it integrates with Cloud CDN, it is limited in scalability and global reach.

B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer is correct. It provides a single global anycast IP address and automatically routes users to the nearest healthy backend. Cloud CDN integration allows edge caching of static content, reducing latency and improving performance. Automatic failover ensures high availability if a backend or region becomes unhealthy. Additional features include SSL termination, path-based routing, intelligent Layer 7 traffic distribution, logging, and monitoring. This solution is ideal for globally distributed web applications requiring low latency, scalability, and high availability.

C) Network Load Balancer is regional and operates at Layer 4 (TCP/UDP). It cannot provide global reach, caching, or cross-region failover. It is suitable for regional high-throughput workloads but not for global web applications.

D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer is designed for private internal traffic and cannot provide public access, edge caching, or cross-region failover, making it unsuitable for global applications.

Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer meets all requirements for worldwide applications, ensuring high performance, low latency, and global scalability.

Question 150:

You are building a hybrid cloud architecture where on-premises workloads require private access to selected Google Cloud APIs without using public IPs. Which solution should you implement?

A) Cloud NAT
B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints
C) Default internet gateway
D) VPC Peering

Answer:

B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints

Explanation:

A) Cloud NAT allows private VMs to access the internet without public IPs. However, traffic still goes to public API endpoints and cannot restrict access to specific APIs, failing security and compliance requirements.

B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints is correct. It enables private access to selected Google Cloud APIs using internal IP addresses. Administrators can define which APIs workloads can access, ensuring secure and compliant connectivity. Traffic remains within Google’s private network, avoiding exposure to the public internet. Private Service Connect scales across multiple projects and VPCs and integrates with Cloud VPN or Dedicated Interconnect for hybrid deployments. Logging and monitoring provide visibility and auditability of API access. This solution ensures secure, private, and restricted API access for hybrid cloud workloads.

C) Default internet gateway routes traffic via public IPs and cannot restrict access to specific APIs, violating private access requirements.

D) VPC Peering allows private connectivity between VPCs but does not provide access to Google-managed APIs or enforce API-level restrictions.

Private Service Connect is the only solution that ensures secure, private, and restricted API access in hybrid cloud environments.

Question 151:

You are tasked with connecting multiple on-premises data centers to Google Cloud. The solution must provide encrypted communication, high availability, and dynamic routing with the ability to add new sites easily. Which solution should you implement?

A) Cloud VPN with static routes
B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP)
C) Dedicated Interconnect without Cloud Router
D) VPC Peering

Answer:

B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP)

Explanation:

A) Cloud VPN with static routes provides secure IPsec tunnels but relies on manual configuration. Failover requires updating routes manually, and adding new sites increases operational complexity. It is suitable for small setups but not for enterprise-scale hybrid networks.

B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP) is correct. Cloud Router enables dynamic route propagation between Google Cloud and on-premises networks. If a tunnel fails, BGP withdraws affected routes and reroutes traffic through healthy tunnels automatically. Multiple tunnels can be provisioned for redundancy, ensuring high availability. Adding new sites is seamless because routes propagate dynamically without manual configuration. Cloud Router integrates with monitoring tools to track tunnel health, route changes, and potential issues. This solution ensures secure, scalable, and highly available hybrid connectivity.

C) Dedicated Interconnect offers high bandwidth and low latency but lacks native encryption. Without Cloud Router, it relies on static routing and manual failover, which does not satisfy dynamic routing and multi-site expansion requirements.

D) VPC Peering connects VPCs privately but cannot connect on-premises sites. It also lacks encryption and dynamic routing, making it unsuitable for hybrid cloud scenarios.

Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP) provides the best combination of security, scalability, and automated route management for multi-site hybrid cloud networks.

Question 152:

You need to enforce centralized network security policies across multiple projects and VPCs, ensuring project-level administrators cannot override ingress and egress rules. Which solution should you use?

A) Individual VPC firewall rules with IAM restrictions
B) Hierarchical firewall policies
C) Cloud Armor
D) VPC Service Controls

Answer:

B) Hierarchical firewall policies

Explanation:

A) Individual VPC firewall rules with IAM restrictions allow control over who can modify rules at the project level. However, they do not provide centralized enforcement across multiple projects or VPCs. Conflicting rules may arise, and maintaining consistency is difficult in large organizations.

B) Hierarchical firewall policies are correct. Policies defined at the organization or folder level automatically propagate to all child projects and VPCs. Project administrators cannot override these rules, ensuring consistent ingress and egress policy enforcement. This centralization reduces administrative overhead, simplifies auditing, and ensures compliance. Hierarchical firewall policies scale efficiently, covering both internal and external traffic. Logging and monitoring provide visibility, enabling proactive management and detection of misconfigurations.

C) Cloud Armor protects applications at Layer 7 from DDoS attacks and filters HTTP(S) traffic. It does not enforce network-level policies across multiple VPCs.

D) VPC Service Controls provide security perimeters around Google-managed services to prevent data exfiltration. They do not enforce general ingress or egress policies across multiple VPCs.

Hierarchical firewall policies offer centralized, non-overridable enforcement, maintaining consistent security across an organization.

Question 153:

You need detailed network visibility across multiple VPCs to detect anomalies, optimize performance, and support forensic investigations. Which solution provides comprehensive flow-level visibility and centralized analysis?

A) Firewall logging
B) Cloud Logging
C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery
D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer metrics

Answer:

C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery

Explanation:

A) Firewall logging captures allowed or denied traffic per firewall rule. While useful for auditing firewall enforcement, it lacks full visibility into all network flows and essential metadata like source/destination IPs, ports, protocols, packet counts, and bytes transferred.

B) Cloud Logging aggregates logs from Google Cloud services but does not inherently capture detailed flow-level metadata, limiting its effectiveness for security and operational analysis.

C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery are correct. Flow Logs provide metadata for all ingress and egress traffic at the subnet level, including IP addresses, ports, protocols, packet counts, and bytes transferred. Exporting to BigQuery enables scalable querying and analysis for anomaly detection, performance optimization, and forensic investigation. Security teams can identify suspicious activity, unauthorized access, and potential data exfiltration. Operations teams can detect bottlenecks, optimize routing, and troubleshoot network issues. Integration with Cloud Monitoring allows dashboards and real-time alerts. VPC Flow Logs provide centralized, queryable, and actionable network visibility across multiple VPCs, supporting operational efficiency and security compliance.

D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer metrics provide limited insight into backend traffic but do not capture full network flows or metadata, making them insufficient for enterprise-scale monitoring.

VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery is the most comprehensive solution for detailed, centralized network visibility, supporting both security and operational needs effectively.

Question 154:

You are designing a global web application requiring a single public IP, routing users to the nearest healthy backend, caching static content at the edge, and providing automatic failover across multiple regions. Which load balancer should you implement?

A) Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
C) Network Load Balancer
D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer

Answer:

B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer

Explanation:

A) Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer operates within a single region. It cannot provide a global anycast IP, route users globally to the nearest backend, or provide cross-region automatic failover. While it integrates with Cloud CDN, it is limited in scalability and global reach.

B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer is correct. It provides a single global anycast IP address, automatically routing users to the nearest healthy backend. Integration with Cloud CDN allows caching of static content at the edge, reducing latency and improving performance. Automatic failover ensures high availability if a backend or region becomes unhealthy. Additional features include SSL termination, path-based routing, intelligent Layer 7 traffic distribution, logging, and monitoring. This load balancer is ideal for globally distributed applications requiring low latency, high availability, and scalability.

C) Network Load Balancer is regional and operates at Layer 4. It cannot provide global reach, edge caching, or cross-region failover. It is suitable for high-throughput regional workloads but not global web applications.

D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer is designed for private internal traffic. It cannot provide public access, caching, or cross-region failover, making it unsuitable for global web applications.

Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer meets all requirements for worldwide applications, ensuring high performance, low latency, and global availability.

Question 155:

You are building a hybrid cloud environment where on-premises workloads require private access to specific Google Cloud APIs without using public IPs. Which solution should you implement?

A) Cloud NAT
B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints
C) Default internet gateway
D) VPC Peering

Answer:

B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints

Explanation:

A) Cloud NAT allows private VMs to access the internet without public IPs. However, traffic still goes to public API endpoints and cannot be restricted to selected APIs, violating security and compliance requirements.

B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints is correct. It enables private access to selected Google Cloud APIs using internal IP addresses. Administrators can define which APIs workloads can access, ensuring secure and compliant access. Traffic remains within Google’s private network, avoiding public internet exposure. Private Service Connect scales across multiple projects and VPCs and integrates with Cloud VPN or Dedicated Interconnect for hybrid deployments. Logging and monitoring provide visibility and auditability of API access. This solution ensures secure, private, and controlled API access for hybrid cloud workloads.

C) The default internet gateway routes all outbound traffic from VMs through public IP addresses, exposing it to the public internet and preventing enforcement of private access policies. It cannot restrict access to specific Google APIs or external services, creating security, compliance, and data governance risks. Organizations requiring secure and private connectivity must use solutions such as Private Google Access, Private Service Connect, or hybrid networking with Cloud VPN and Cloud Router. These approaches ensure that traffic remains within controlled private networks, supports API-level restrictions, and meets enterprise security and compliance requirements.

D) VPC Peering provides private connectivity between VPCs, allowing workloads in different networks to communicate securely without traversing the public internet. However, it cannot connect to Google-managed APIs such as Cloud Storage, BigQuery, or Pub/Sub, nor can it enforce API-level restrictions or service-specific access controls. Peering is strictly a network-level solution and does not provide the granular security required for controlled access to cloud services. For enterprises needing private, compliant API access with fine-grained permissions, solutions like Private Service Connect or VPC Service Controls are necessary to complement VPC Peering and ensure secure service-to-service communication.

Private Service Connect is the only solution that guarantees secure, private, and restricted API access in a hybrid cloud environment.

Question 156:

You are designing a hybrid cloud architecture connecting multiple on-premises sites to Google Cloud. The network must provide encrypted communication, high availability, and dynamic routing, while allowing easy addition of future sites. Which solution should you implement?

A) Cloud VPN with static routes
B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP)
C) Dedicated Interconnect without Cloud Router
D) VPC Peering

Answer:

B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP)

Explanation:

A) Cloud VPN with static routes establishes encrypted IPsec tunnels between on-premises networks and Google Cloud. While it ensures secure communication, static routes must be manually configured for each network. If a tunnel fails, administrators need to manually adjust routes to reroute traffic. Adding new sites increases operational complexity, as each new site requires additional route configuration and careful coordination to avoid conflicts. This solution may be sufficient for small-scale networks, but it does not scale well or support dynamic failover and route propagation.

B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP) is correct. This solution combines encrypted IPsec tunnels with dynamic routing using BGP. Routes are automatically advertised and learned between Google Cloud and on-premises networks, reducing manual overhead. In case of tunnel failure, BGP withdraws affected routes and reroutes traffic through healthy tunnels, ensuring high availability. Multiple tunnels can be deployed for redundancy, further improving fault tolerance. Adding new sites is simple because BGP dynamically propagates routes without manual intervention. Cloud Router integrates with monitoring tools, providing visibility into tunnel health, route updates, and potential anomalies. This solution satisfies all enterprise requirements for secure, scalable, and highly available hybrid cloud connectivity.

C) Dedicated Interconnect provides high bandwidth and low latency for workloads requiring significant throughput. However, it lacks native encryption, requiring additional IPsec tunnels for secure communication. Without Cloud Router, routing must be static, and failover is manual. Adding new sites increases complexity, making it less suitable for dynamic multi-site hybrid networks.

D) VPC Peering connects VPCs privately but cannot connect on-premises networks. It does not provide encryption, dynamic routing, or automated failover, making it unsuitable for hybrid cloud scenarios.

Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP) offers the best combination of security, scalability, high availability, and operational simplicity, making it the optimal choice for enterprise hybrid networks.

Question 157:

You need to enforce centralized security policies across multiple VPCs and projects. Project-level administrators must not be able to override ingress and egress rules. Which solution should you use?

A) Individual VPC firewall rules with IAM restrictions
B) Hierarchical firewall policies
C) Cloud Armor
D) VPC Service Controls

Answer:

B) Hierarchical firewall policies

Explanation:

A) Individual VPC firewall rules with IAM restrictions control who can modify rules at the project level. While they allow some policy control, enforcement is decentralized. Conflicts can arise, making it challenging to maintain consistent security across multiple projects. In large organizations, auditing and ensuring compliance with security standards becomes complex and error-prone.

B) Hierarchical firewall policies are correct. They allow administrators to define rules at the organization or folder level, which automatically propagate to all child projects and VPCs. Project-level administrators cannot override these rules, ensuring consistent enforcement of ingress and egress policies. Centralized management reduces operational overhead, simplifies auditing, and maintains compliance across the enterprise. These policies scale efficiently to cover both internal and external traffic. Logging and monitoring integration provides visibility into enforcement, enabling proactive detection and remediation of potential security violations. Additionally, hierarchical policies allow organizations to enforce security baselines, protect critical services, and maintain regulatory compliance, which is especially important for enterprises operating in regulated industries.

C) Cloud Armor protects applications at Layer 7 by mitigating DDoS attacks, filtering malicious HTTP(S) requests, and providing application-level security controls. However, it does not enforce organization-wide network-level security policies across VPCs, subnets, or projects. For comprehensive network security, enterprises must combine Cloud Armor with hierarchical firewall policies, VPC Service Controls, and other network-level enforcement mechanisms to ensure consistent protection across all internal and external traffic. While Cloud Armor enhances application security, it cannot replace the centralized enforcement of network policies required for multi-project or multi-VPC environments, compliance, or regulatory requirements.

D) VPC Service Controls protect Google-managed services by creating security perimeters that prevent data exfiltration and unauthorized API access, ensuring sensitive information remains within trusted boundaries. However, they do not enforce general ingress or egress rules across VPCs, subnets, or projects. Organizations still need hierarchical firewall policies, network-level access controls, and monitoring tools to manage overall traffic flows. While VPC Service Controls secure Google APIs, they must be combined with other network security solutions to achieve comprehensive enforcement, maintain compliance, and ensure enterprise-wide security across hybrid and multi-project cloud environments.

Hierarchical firewall policies provide a scalable, centralized, and non-overridable approach to enforce consistent security policies across an organization, ensuring both operational efficiency and regulatory compliance.

Question 158:

You need full network visibility across multiple VPCs to detect anomalies, optimize performance, and support security investigations. Which solution provides the most detailed flow-level visibility and centralized analysis?

A) Firewall logging
B) Cloud Logging
C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery
D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer metrics

Answer:

C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery

Explanation:

A) Firewall logging records allowed or denied traffic per firewall rule. While useful for auditing rule enforcement, it provides only partial network visibility. Metadata such as source/destination IPs, ports, protocols, packet counts, and bytes transferred is limited, reducing effectiveness for anomaly detection, performance optimization, and forensic investigation.

B) Cloud Logging aggregates logs from various Google Cloud services. It provides general observability but does not capture detailed network flow-level metadata. Without flow-level details, it is insufficient for enterprise-scale security monitoring or operational analysis across multiple VPCs.

C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery are correct. Flow Logs capture metadata for all ingress and egress traffic at the subnet level, including source and destination IPs, ports, protocols, packet counts, and bytes transferred. Exporting these logs to BigQuery enables scalable querying and analysis for anomaly detection, performance optimization, and forensic investigation. Security teams can detect unauthorized access, suspicious activity, and potential data exfiltration. Operations teams can identify bottlenecks, optimize routing, and troubleshoot network performance issues. Integration with Cloud Monitoring provides dashboards and real-time alerts. VPC Flow Logs offer centralized, queryable, and actionable network visibility across multiple VPCs, supporting operational efficiency, security compliance, and proactive incident response.

D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer metrics provide limited insights into traffic handled by specific backends. They do not capture full flow-level network metadata, making them inadequate for comprehensive monitoring or security investigations at the enterprise scale.

VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery is the most complete solution for detailed, centralized, and actionable network visibility.

Question 159:

You are designing a global web application requiring a single public IP, routing users to the nearest healthy backend, caching static content at the edge, and automatic failover across regions. Which load balancer should you implement?

A) Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
C) Network Load Balancer
D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer

Answer:

B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer

Explanation:

A) Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer operates within a single region. It cannot provide a global anycast IP or automatic cross-region failover. While it integrates with Cloud CDN for caching, it is not suitable for global web applications requiring low latency and high availability across multiple regions.

B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer is correct. It provides a single global anycast IP address, automatically routing users to the nearest healthy backend. Cloud CDN integration enables caching of static content at edge locations, reducing latency and improving user experience. Automatic failover ensures high availability if a region or backend becomes unhealthy. Additional features include SSL termination, path-based routing, Layer 7 traffic intelligence, logging, and monitoring. This load balancer is ideal for globally distributed web applications requiring scalability, low latency, and high availability.

C) Network Load Balancer operates at Layer 4 (TCP/UDP) and is limited to a single region, meaning it cannot distribute traffic globally or provide a single anycast IP for worldwide users. It also lacks edge caching, SSL termination, and application-layer intelligence. Without automatic cross-region failover, workloads are vulnerable to regional outages. While ideal for high-throughput, latency-sensitive TCP/UDP applications within a region, it is unsuitable for global web applications requiring low latency, high availability, and intelligent traffic management. Organizations needing global distribution must use global HTTP(S) load balancers integrated with Cloud CDN for performance and reliability.

D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer is designed specifically for private internal traffic within a VPC or across peered VPCs. It cannot provide public access, edge caching, or cross-region failover, limiting its use to regional, backend, or service-to-service communication. It also lacks Layer 7 features such as HTTP(S) routing, SSL termination, or content-based traffic management. As a result, it is unsuitable for globally distributed applications or internet-facing workloads. Organizations requiring high availability, low latency, and global reach must instead use global HTTP(S) load balancers or integrate with Cloud CDN for content delivery and failover across multiple regions.

Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer meets all requirements for worldwide applications, ensuring high performance, low latency, and high availability.

Question 160:

You are building a hybrid cloud environment where on-premises workloads require private access to specific Google Cloud APIs without using public IPs. Which solution should you implement?

A) Cloud NAT
B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints
C) Default internet gateway
D) VPC Peering

Answer:

B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints

Explanation:

A) Cloud NAT enables private VMs to access the internet without public IPs, but traffic reaches public API endpoints and cannot be restricted to specific APIs. This does not meet the requirements for secure and compliant private API access.

B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints is correct. It allows private access to selected Google Cloud APIs using internal IP addresses. Administrators can define which APIs workloads can access, ensuring secure, controlled, and compliant access. Traffic remains entirely within Google’s private network, avoiding exposure to the public internet. Private Service Connect scales across multiple projects and VPCs, and can integrate with Cloud VPN or Dedicated Interconnect for hybrid deployments. Logging and monitoring provide auditability and visibility into API usage. This approach ensures private, secure, and restricted API access for hybrid cloud workloads, meeting enterprise compliance requirements.

C) Default internet gateway routes traffic via public IPs, which violates the requirement for private API access and cannot restrict access to specific APIs.

D) VPC Peering provides private connectivity between VPCs but cannot enforce API-level restrictions or connect to Google-managed APIs securely.

Private Service Connect with specific endpoints is the only solution that satisfies secure, private, and controlled API access for hybrid cloud workloads.