CISSP Endorsement Explained: How to Secure an ISC2 Sponsor and Finalize Your Certification

Understanding the Role and Importance of CISSP Endorsement

What Is the CISSP Endorsement?

The CISSP (Certified Information Systems Security Professional) certification, offered by ISC2, is widely recognized as one of the most prestigious credentials in the information security field. However, passing the exam alone is not sufficient to achieve certification. One of the most critical steps in the process is the endorsement phase.

The endorsement is a mandatory requirement that serves to verify the practical, hands-on experience of the candidate. After passing the CISSP exam, candidates must be endorsed by a current ISC2-certified professional. This endorser must validate that the candidate has a minimum of five years of paid, full-time work experience in at least two of the eight CISSP domains.

This requirement ensures that certified professionals not only understand security concepts in theory but have also applied them in real-world environments. It distinguishes the CISSP from many other certifications that are awarded based solely on exam performance.

Why ISC2 Requires Endorsement

The endorsement requirement upholds the integrity and credibility of the CISSP certification. ISC2 is a non-profit organization focused on creating a global community of cybersecurity professionals who are ethical, competent, and committed to securing information systems.

Through endorsement, ISC2 aims to:

• Verify real-world cybersecurity experience
  
• Uphold ethical standards
  
• Ensure candidates understand and have worked within the CISSP domain areas.
  
• Foster a sense of accountability within the cybersecurity community.
  

By having a peer vouch for your work history, ISC2 reinforces the notion that security professionals are part of a trusted ecosystem, where each certified member shares responsibility for maintaining high standards.

The Eight CISSP Domains

The Common Body of Knowledge (CBK) that forms the foundation of the CISSP certification is divided into eight domains. Candidates must have experience in at least two of the following:

1. Security and Risk Management
   
2. Asset Security
   
3. Security Architecture and Engineering
   
4. Communication and Network Security
   
5. Identity and Access Management (IAM)
   
6. Security Assessment and Testing
   
7. Security Operations
   
8. Software Development Security

Understanding these domains is crucial not only for exam preparation but also for identifying which areas of your experience align with the endorsement requirements.

The Ethical Component

In addition to verifying technical experience, the endorser also confirms that the candidate has demonstrated ethical behavior consistent with the ISC2 Code of Ethics. This code includes the following canons:

• Protect society, the common good, necessary public trust and confidence, and the infrastructure
  
• Act honorably, honestly, justly, responsibly, and legally.
  
• Provide diligent and competent service to the principal
  
• Advance and protect the profession
  

The inclusion of ethics in the endorsement process further illustrates how ISC2 views certification not just as a technical credential but as a moral commitment to safeguard information systems.

A Professional Safeguard

The endorsement is not merely a formality. It acts as a safeguard against fraudulent claims and ensures that only experienced professionals can obtain the certification. This process strengthens the reputation of the CISSP credential in both private and public sector organizations.

When an employer sees CISSP listed on a resume, they can trust that the individual has not only passed a difficult exam but also earned the endorsement of a peer, demonstrating practical and ethical competence.

Professional Maturity and Network

Another key aspect of the endorsement process is that it reflects the candidate’s level of professional maturity. A candidate who has been actively working in the field for several years will likely know or have worked with someone who is already CISSP-certified. This relationship is vital for securing a sponsor.

If a candidate cannot find a sponsor, ISC2 will step in and conduct an audit, but more on that in a later section. The emphasis here is on professional relationships as an extension of the certification’s value.

Community Accountability

The endorsement requirement also reinforces ISC2’s vision of community accountability. By requiring a certified professional to validate another’s experience, ISC2 fosters a culture of mutual responsibility and trust. This culture is especially important in cybersecurity, where professionals often work in high-stakes, high-trust environments involving sensitive data and critical infrastructure.

This peer-review approach differentiates CISSP from certifications that rely purely on automated or written assessments. It reflects a deeper layer of professional evaluation, where character, history, and competence all matter.

Finding a CISSP Sponsor—Building and Leveraging Your Professional Network

The Importance of a Sponsor

Once you pass the CISSP exam, ISC2 requires that your work experience be validated by an existing ISC2-certified professional. This individual acts as your sponsor and submits an endorsement form confirming your cybersecurity experience and ethical conduct.

The ideal sponsor is someone who knows your work firsthand, understands the industry, and has already earned the CISSP certification. However, not every candidate works in an environment where such a person is readily available.

This part of the guide explores how to identify, approach, and secure a sponsor, even if one isn’t immediately obvious.

Begin with Your Current Workplace

Your workplace is the most logical starting point in your search for a sponsor. Many medium-to-large organizations employ cybersecurity professionals who already hold the CISSP certification. These individuals may work in security operations, governance, risk, and compliance (GRC); engineering, or IT leadership roles.

Ask your human resources department or team lead if any team members are certified. Alternatively, look through your company’s internal employee directory or organizational chart for colleagues involved in cybersecurity.

If you do identify a potential sponsor:

• Schedule a short meeting to discuss your certification goals.
  
• Bring your resume and a summary of your experience aligned with the CISSP domains.
  
• Explain the ISC2 endorsement process clearly and respectfully.
  
• Ask if they would be willing to review your qualifications and possibly act as your sponsor.
  

Most professionals will be honored to support a colleague who’s committed to advancing their career, provided they feel confident in your integrity and experience.

Former Employers and Colleagues

If your current workplace lacks a CISSP-certified professional, broaden your search to former employers and colleagues. Many people move on to new roles and earn certifications later in their careers, so a past teammate or manager might now be a CISSP and willing to endorse you.

Make a list of the former:

• Managers or team leads
  
• Security architects or engineers
  
• GRC professionals or compliance officers
  
• Security analysts or consultants
  

Then use professional networks such as LinkedIn to check whether any of them now hold the CISSP credential. If you find a match, send a courteous message:

• Mention your shared history and projects you worked on together.
  
• Outline your current goal of achieving CISSP certification.
  
• Request a brief conversation to discuss your experience and potential endorsement.
  

The fact that they’ve worked with you in the past gives them confidence in your abilities, making them more likely to support your application.

LinkedIn and Online Networking

LinkedIn can be a powerful tool in your sponsor search. With its advanced search functionality, you can filter connections by certification (such as “CISSP”) and even search within specific companies or industries.

To use LinkedIn effectively:

• Update your profile with your full work history and cybersecurity experience.
  
• Join professional groups related to cybersecurity and ISC2.
  
• Post a professional update about passing the CISSP exam and your intent to seek endorsement.
  
• Reach out to 1st or 2nd degree connections who hold the CISSP and may be open to helping.
  

When reaching out, make sure your message is clear and professional. A good message includes:

• A quick introduction and context for your message.
  
• A summary of your work experience.
  
• An explanation of the endorsement requirement.
  
• An offer to provide documentation, such as a resume or list of security-related accomplishments.
  

Many CISSP holders understand the importance of this process and are often willing to support someone who demonstrates professionalism and ethical commitment.

Professional Associations and Industry Events

Attending events, conferences, and meetups is another great way to connect with CISSP-certified professionals. Many of these events include networking sessions where professionals share career advice and insights.

Look for local or virtual events hosted by:

• ISC2 chapters
  
• ISC2 Think Tanks or webinars
  
• Cybersecurity industry associations (such as ISACA or ISSA)
  
• Regional infosec conferences
  

At these events, don’t hesitate to introduce yourself and talk about your certification journey. Ask if participants are open to mentorship or endorsement conversations. Most chapter meetings are friendly spaces that encourage knowledge-sharing and networking.

You can also attend workshops or training sessions where instructors or guest speakers may be certified and able to serve as a sponsor, especially if you actively participate and demonstrate serious interest.

Online Cybersecurity Communities

Beyond LinkedIn, there are many active cybersecurity communities on platforms like:

• Reddit (e.g., r/cybersecurity, r/cissp)
  
• Discord servers for cybersecurity professionals
  
• Slack workspaces dedicated to infosec study groups
  
• Forums on ISC2’s official website

Engage in these communities by:

• Sharing your exam experience and asking about the endorsement process
  
• Participating in discussions and offering advice to others
  
• Posting respectfully about your search for a CISSP sponsor
  

These platforms often include seasoned professionals who remember what it was like to go through the process. If your contributions demonstrate seriousness and professionalism, you may find someone willing to help.

Bootcamp Instructors and Peer Study Groups

If you prepared for the CISSP exam through a bootcamp, training course, or study group, consider reaching out to your instructor or fellow participants. These individuals often come from professional backgrounds in cybersecurity and may already hold the CISSP.

Even if your instructor cannot endorse you directly, they may introduce you to someone in their network who can. Instructors are typically well-connected within the security certification space and appreciate motivated candidates.

In study groups, reach out privately to participants who have recently passed and received certification. Offer to share your resume and background, and ask whether they’d be open to discussing the endorsement process with you.

Approaching a Potential Sponsor

When asking someone to act as your sponsor, keep in mind that it’s a formal and important responsibility. You are asking them to vouch for your integrity and professional experience.

Here are the steps to take when approaching a potential sponsor:

1. Prepare Your Documentation
   • Updated resume with cybersecurity experience highlighted
     
   • Project summaries or achievements that map to CISSP domains
     
   • Any supporting documentation (certificates, degrees, employment verification)

2. Craft a Respectful Message or Email
   • Briefly introduce yourself and your connection to the person.
     
   • State that you recently passed the CISSP exam
     
   • Explain the endorsement process and your understanding of their role.
     
   • Offer to send your resume or other materials
     
   • Respect their time and thank them, whether or not they agree.

3. Be Honest and Transparent
   • Let them know that their endorsement is crucial for your certification.
     
   • Make it clear that you take the process seriously and understand the implications.
     
   • If you’re a strong candidate, your professional experience will speak for itself.
     

What to Do If You Can’t Find a Sponsor

Despite your efforts, there may be situations where you cannot find a sponsor. This is particularly common for self-taught professionals, consultants, or those working in isolated environments.

If no suitable sponsor is available, you still have an option. ISC2 allows candidates to request endorsement directly from them through an audit process. This process is discussed in detail in Part 3 of this guide.

The key takeaway is that being proactive, professional, and persistent in your sponsor search usually leads to success. The endorsement process is not meant to be a barrier—it’s a tool to ensure that the CISSP credential remains meaningful and respected.

Navigating the ISC2 Audit Process— What to Do When You Can’t Find a Sponsor

When You Reach a Dead End in Finding a Sponsor

Despite their best efforts, some candidates may find themselves in a situation where they simply cannot identify a CISSP-certified professional to endorse them. This is not unusual, especially for individuals who:

• Work in small organizations with no certified professionals on staff
  
• Are self-taught or transitioned into cybersecurity from unrelated fields
  
• Have changed industries or live in remote areas with limited networking opportunities

In these cases, ISC2 provides a built-in mechanism: an endorsement audit conducted by ISC2 staff. Instead of relying on a certified peer, ISC2 independently verifies your work history and qualifications. Though more detailed and time-consuming, this process ensures that all qualified candidates have a fair opportunity to achieve certification.

This section explains how the audit works, how to prepare, what documents to gather, and how to avoid delays or complications.

Understanding the ISC2 Audit-Based Endorsement

The audit is not a penalty or punishment—it’s simply an alternate path for candidates who have no available sponsor. ISC² understands that not everyone works in environments where certification holders are easy to find. Rather than exclude qualified professionals, they allow for a structured internal review.

When you submit your CISSP endorsement request without naming a sponsor, ISC2 initiates the audit process. A team of reviewers will then assess your submitted documentation and verify your eligibility for certification based on the same standards that a sponsor would use.

This process involves a deeper, formalized review of your experience and ethics, including employment history, projects completed, and role descriptions related to the CISSP domains.

Key Elements of the Audit Process

The audit process includes the following steps:

1. Submission of Endorsement Application without a Sponsor
   • You indicated during the endorsement process that you do not have an endorser available.
     
   • ISC2 automatically places your application into audit review.

2. Request for Detailed Documentation
   • ISC2 will ask you to submit in-depth documentation proving your cybersecurity work experience, responsibilities, and ethical standing.

3. Verification and Evaluation
   • ISC2 reviewers will assess your submitted documents.
     
   • They may contact your current or previous employers to verify your employment history and role details.
     
   • In some cases, you may be asked to provide references or clarifying information.

4. Certification Decision
   • If everything checks out, ISC2 will grant your certification.
     
   • If there are discrepancies, delays, or insufficient evidence, the process may be extended, or certification may be denied.
     

This process takes longer than the standard endorsement route, often requiring 6 to 8 weeks or more, depending on the completeness of your application and the responsiveness of your contacts.

Preparing for the Audit: Your Documentation Checklist

To ensure a smooth audit process, you must be proactive and organized. The key to success is thorough, verifiable documentation. Below is a checklist of what you’ll need.

A Detailed, Domain-Aligned Resume

Your resume must reflect your cybersecurity experience in a way that maps directly to at least two of the eight CISSP domains. The more domains you can demonstrate, the stronger your case.

Tips for an audit-ready resume:

• Use clear job titles (e.g., “Information Security Analyst,” “Network Security Engineer”)
  
• List employment dates with month and year.
  
• Include employer names, locations, and brief descriptions of the organization.
  
• Highlight security-related responsibilities and accomplishments
  
• Organize your work history chronologically and avoid vague descriptions.
  

Use bullet points to describe tasks like managing firewalls, implementing access controls, or conducting risk assessments, linking these to specific CISSP domains.

Job Descriptions or Offer Letters

Gather official documents that describe your roles. This could include:

• Offer letters from employers

• Internal job descriptions
  
• Performance evaluations
  
• Role profiles used in your team or HR department
  

These documents serve as third-party confirmation of your job functions and relevance to cybersecurity.

Proof of Employment

ISC2 needs to verify that you were employed full-time in cybersecurity-related roles. Acceptable documents include:

• Pay stubs
  
• Employment verification letters
  
• Signed statements from HR
  
• Tax forms that show employer names
  

You don’t need to send financial details—just the parts that confirm employment periods and full-time status.

Project Summaries or Case Studies

If your job involved significant projects or responsibilities in any of the CISSP domains, write summaries for each. These should explain:

• The goal of the project
  
• Your role and specific contributions
  
• Tools, technologies, or policies you implemented
  
• Outcomes and lessons learned.
  

Example: If you implemented a secure access control system, describe how you evaluated risks, selected tools, managed deployment, and trained users. These narratives help ISC2 see the depth of your involvement.

Certificates or Degrees

If you have a college degree in cybersecurity or a related field, ISC² may grant you a one-year waiver, reducing the required experience to four years instead of five.

Include copies of:

• Degrees and transcripts
  
• Relevant professional certifications (such as CompTIA Security+, CEH, or CISM)
  
• Continuing education programs or cybersecurity coursework
  

While these do not replace work experience, they strengthen your profile and may help during the audit evaluation.

Reference Letters or Supervisor Testimonials (Optional)

Although not always required, ISC2 may ask for professional references. These should be from managers, team leads, or colleagues who can vouch for your cybersecurity expertise and ethical conduct.

Each letter should include:

• Your role and how long you have worked together
  
• Examples of your security-related tasks or projects
  
• Confirmation of your professionalism and integrity
  
• Contact information for follow-up
  

Make sure to inform your references in advance and ask for their consent to be contacted.

Preparing Your Employers and Colleagues

If you’re being audited, ISC2 may reach out directly to past employers to verify your work experience. It’s important to:

• Inform current and former managers or HR teams about the potential contact
  
• Provide them with background about the CISSP audit process.
  
• Make sure they understand what role you played and how it related to cybersecurity.
  

This step helps avoid confusion or delays. Some companies may not be familiar with ISC2 or the concept of certification audits, so clear communication is essential.

Timeline and Expectations

The endorsement audit process is longer than traditional peer sponsorship. Here’s what to expect:

• After passing the exam, you have nine months to complete the endorsement process.
  
• Once submitted, ISC2 may take 6 to 8 weeks or more to process an audit-based endorsement.
  
• Delays can occur if your documentation is incomplete or employer responses are delayed.
  

You will receive updates via email, and you can monitor the status of your application through the ISC2 member portal.

Common Audit Mistakes to Avoid

Avoid these pitfalls that could slow down or jeopardize your audit:

• Submitting a generic resume without clearly mapping to the CISSP domains
  
• Failing to provide start and end dates for each position
  
• Listing roles that do not involve cybersecurity functions
  
• Not informing your references or employers ahead of time.
  
• Submitting incomplete or vague documentation
  

Be meticulous, clear, and thorough in your submission. Treat it like a job application—one where the outcome determines your professional standing.

What Happens After a Successful Audit?

Once ISC2 verifies your experience, confirms your ethical standing, and processes your audit, you will receive official notification of your certification. From that point forward, you are a full CISSP member and must:

• Agree to the ISC2 Code of Ethics
  
• Pay the Annual Maintenance Fee (AMF)
  
• Begin accumulating Continuing Professional Education (CPE) credits
  
• Maintain your certification through renewal every three years

Your digital badge will become available, and your profile will be added to the ISC² registry of certified professionals.

Becoming a CISSP Sponsor—Supporting the Next Generation of Cybersecurity Professionals

Why Sponsorship Is a Crucial Part of the CISSP Ecosystem

Once you’ve earned the CISSP certification, your journey doesn’t end—it evolves. One of the most meaningful contributions you can make to the cybersecurity field is to sponsor new CISSP candidates. ISC2’s peer-based endorsement model depends on certified professionals validating the experience and ethics of those seeking to join their ranks.

Sponsorship is not a bureaucratic hurdle. It’s a responsibility that strengthens the profession, upholds certification integrity, and ensures that each new member of the CISSP community meets the high standards ISC2 expects.

When you sponsor a candidate, you’re doing more than signing off on paperwork. You’re affirming that someone has real-world experience, has demonstrated ethical behavior, and is ready to assume the serious responsibility that comes with CISSP certification.

What Does a CISSP Sponsor Do?

A CISSP sponsor is a current ISC2 member in good standing who submits an endorsement form on behalf of a candidate. The sponsor verifies that the candidate has:

• A minimum of five years of paid, full-time work experience in at least two of the eight CISSP domains
  
• Acted with professional integrity and aligned with the ISC2 Code of Ethics
  
• Demonstrated technical and organizational competence in real-world cybersecurity roles

The endorsement form must be completed and submitted within nine months of the candidate passing the CISSP exam. Once submitted, ISC2 reviews the application and, if approved, grants certification.

Sponsorship is a formal process. When you endorse someone, you’re putting your name and certification behind their qualifications.

Why It Matters: The Impact of Endorsement on the Profession

Sponsorship is more than an administrative formality—it’s a quality control mechanism for the profession. ISC2 relies on the insight of experienced professionals to help screen and validate new entrants.

This process preserves the value of the certification. CISSP is not merely a credential based on book knowledge; it is a declaration that the holder is capable, trustworthy, and field-tested.

By becoming a sponsor, you

• Contribute to a culture of accountability
  
• Ensure that the CISSP certification continues to reflect real-world experience.
  
• Help qualified candidates complete the final step in their certification journey
  
• Reinforce your professional commitment to the cybersecurity community.
  

In a field where trust, discretion, and competency are paramount, being part of the vetting process reinforces the profession’s integrity.

Who Can Be a Sponsor?

To sponsor a CISSP candidate, you must:

• Be a current CISSP in good standing with ISC2
  
• Have completed your certification requirements (including Continuing Professional Education credits and payment of annual fees)
  
• Be able to verify the candidate’s experience, either through direct supervision or firsthand knowledge of their work.
  

While direct supervisory relationships are ideal, they’re not mandatory. You can sponsor someone if:

• You have worked with them closely on cybersecurity projects
  
• You understand their job responsibilities and contributions.
  
• You are confident in their qualifications and ethical standards

You are not expected to personally witness every detail of their career, but you must be able to reasonably confirm the accuracy of their experience.

The Endorsement Process: Step-by-Step

If you are approached by a candidate requesting sponsorship, here’s what the process looks like from your side.

Step 1: Review the Candidate’s Experience

Ask the candidate to send you their

• Updated resume
  
• List of job roles with dates
  
• Description of responsibilities mapped to CISSP domains
  
• Any relevant certificates or degrees
  

Ensure that they have at least five years of cumulative, paid, full-time work experience in at least two of the eight CISSP domains. If they have a one-year waiver (such as a cybersecurity degree), four years may be acceptable.

Confirm that their roles genuinely involved information security responsibilities, not just general IT or compliance tasks.

Step 2: Discuss Ethical Considerations

The candidate must have a clean record of ethical behavior in professional settings. Have a candid conversation with them about their approach to professional ethics. As a sponsor, you are expected to vouch for their alignment with the ISC2 Code of Ethics, which includes canons such as:

• Protecting society and public trust
  
• Acting honestly and responsibly
  
• Providing competent service to stakeholders
  
• Advancing and protecting the profession

If you have any concerns about a candidate’s ethical history, it is your responsibility to address them directly or decline to sponsor.

Step 3: Submit the Endorsement

Once satisfied, you can submit the endorsement form through the ISC² website. You’ll need to:

• Login to your ISC2 member portal
  
• Navigate to the “Endorsement” section.
  
• Enter details about the candidate
• Provide confirmation of their experience and domains covered.
  
• Attest to their professional integrity and ethical conduct.

You may be asked to provide contact information in case ISC2 needs to follow up for verification.

Step 4: Await ISC2 Review

ISC2 will review the endorsement and, if everything is in order, certify the candidate. This review can take several weeks. Once approved, the candidate will officially receive CISSP certification and be welcomed into the ISC2 membership.

Risks and Responsibilities

Sponsoring someone is not without responsibility. By endorsing a candidate, you are attaching your credibility and certification to their application. If ISC2 later determines that a candidate falsified information or acted unethically, it can reflect on you as the sponsor.

To avoid any complications:

• Be thorough in reviewing the candidate’s documentation
  
• Don’t endorse someone if you have doubts about their qualifications or conduct.
  
• Ask questions if any part of their experience is unclear or questionable.
  
• Feel free to decline if you’re not comfortable sponsoring.

You are under no obligation to sponsor someone just because they ask. Only endorse candidates you genuinely believe meet the high standards of CISSP certification.

Why You Should Consider Sponsoring

Many CISSP professionals find the act of sponsorship to be deeply rewarding. It’s an opportunity to:

• Mentor others and share knowledge
  
• Give back to the cybersecurity community.ty
  
• Support colleagues in advancing their careers
  
• Build a stronger, more credible network of professionals

Sponsoring also helps you stay engaged with the evolving challenges and roles in cybersecurity. By reviewing candidates’ experiences, you gain perspective on the variety of paths people take to reach certification. It sharpens your understanding of how the CISSP domains apply in different organizational contexts.

Sponsorship is not just a duty—it’s a way to stay connected and lead by example.

How to Encourage Others to Become Sponsors

As you gain more experience in the profession, you can also encourage your colleagues and peers to get involved in sponsorship. This can be done by

• Promoting the importance of mentorship in your organization
  
• Speaking at the ISC2 chapter events about your experience
  
• Supporting community-driven discussions about endorsement
  
• Participating in forums and study groups to engage with aspiring CISSPs
  

The more sponsors available in the community, the more accessible certification becomes for qualified professionals everywhere.

Building a Legacy Through Sponsorship

Over time, many CISSPs choose to become regular sponsors, helping multiple individuals achieve certification. This creates a ripple effect of trust, mentorship, and community contribution.

Your support can:

• Help close the cybersecurity talent gap
  
• Encourage underrepresented professionals to earn advanced certifications.
  
• Promote higher standards of professionalism across the industry
  

Sponsoring even one candidate can create a lasting impact. You may be helping someone transition into a leadership role, find new career opportunities, or gain the credibility needed to influence positive change in their organization.

Final Thoughts

The CISSP certification is more than an exam—it’s a validation of trust, competence, and commitment in the cybersecurity profession. At the heart of this certification process lies the endorsement requirement, a step that distinguishes CISSP from countless other credentials by requiring more than theoretical understanding. It asks for proof of real-world experience, peer trust, and ethical alignment.

The journey through the endorsement process—whether via a sponsor or through ISC2’s audit—serves several deeper purposes:

• It affirms the integrity of the profession. By ensuring that only experienced, vetted professionals earn the certification, ISC2 maintains the high standards expected of a globally recognized title.
  
• It strengthens community bonds. Through sponsorship, mentorship, and networking, professionals build lasting relationships that support personal growth and industry development.
  
• It encourages ethical leadership. Endorsement is not just about checking boxes—it’s about recognizing and reinforcing values like confidentiality, diligence, and responsibility.
  

Whether you’re searching for a sponsor, preparing for an audit, or stepping up to endorse others, each action reflects your investment in the cybersecurity profession, not just as a job, but as a field of trust and guardianship.

In an era where digital threats are constant and the demand for credible professionals is ever-growing, the CISSP endorsement model ensures that the title remains a badge of earned respect, not just a passed test.

Pursue it with authenticity. Participate in it with integrity. Pass it on with pride.

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