Google Professional Cloud Network Engineer Exam Dumps and Practice Test Questions Set3 Q41-60

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Question 41:

Your company operates multiple VPC networks in Google Cloud across different projects. The security team requires that all inter-VPC traffic must be private, with no exposure to public IPs, and must also enforce centralized firewall policies that cannot be overridden by project-level admins. Which approach should you implement?

A) VPC Peering with IAM-restricted firewall rules
B) Shared VPC with hierarchical firewall policies
C) Cloud VPN between VPCs with static routes
D) Internal Load Balancers with firewall rules

Answer:

B) Shared VPC with hierarchical firewall policies

Explanation:

A) VPC Peering provides private connectivity between two VPCs, allowing internal IP communication. However, while you can restrict firewall rule edits using IAM, VPC Peering does not support centralized firewall policy enforcement across multiple projects. Each VPC must still configure its own rules, and project-level admins can add or modify rules within their network. Moreover, peering does not inherently allow for cross-project centralized control, making it unsuitable for organizations that require consistent, enforceable firewall policies across many projects.

B) Shared VPC with hierarchical firewall policies is the correct solution. Shared VPC allows one host project to contain the VPC network resources, while multiple service projects can attach workloads to these shared subnets. This ensures private, internal-only communication without exposing public IPs. Hierarchical firewall policies allow administrators at the organization or folder level to define rules that propagate to all child projects, preventing project-level admins from overriding critical security policies. This combination ensures private inter-VPC traffic, centralized management, and enforceable compliance, satisfying all requirements.

C) Cloud VPN with static routes could theoretically connect multiple VPCs privately, but static routes do not scale well and do not provide centralized enforcement. Each route must be manually configured, and failure detection is slower compared to dynamic routing. Additionally, VPN introduces operational complexity and potential latency, and static routes are error-prone when dealing with many VPCs. It is less efficient than Shared VPC for an internal, private multi-project architecture.

D) Internal Load Balancers allow private communication within a VPC or between peer VPCs for specific services, but they do not manage overall network traffic or enforce organization-wide firewall policies. They cannot provide centralized control across multiple projects, nor can they prevent project-level admins from modifying local firewall rules. Internal Load Balancers solve service-specific routing problems rather than organizational security policy enforcement.

Shared VPC with hierarchical firewall policies is therefore the only approach that fully satisfies the requirement for private inter-VPC traffic and centrally enforced, tamper-proof firewall rules.

Question 42:

You are tasked with designing a multi-region Google Kubernetes Engine deployment. The pods in one cluster must securely communicate with pods in another cluster in a different region using private IP addresses. The solution must avoid exposing traffic to the public internet and support automatic service discovery. Which approach should you use?

A) VPC Peering only
B) Multi-cluster Services (MCS) with Shared VPC
C) Cloud VPN with static routes
D) GKE Ingress across clusters

Answer:

B) Multi-cluster Services (MCS) with Shared VPC

Explanation:

A) VPC Peering alone allows private connectivity between two VPCs, but it does not solve service discovery across clusters. Pods would need additional configuration, such as custom DNS or manual route management, to reach other pods in a different region. It also does not integrate with Kubernetes service abstractions, making it operationally complex and error-prone.

B) Multi-cluster Services (MCS) with Shared VPC is correct because it enables pods in multiple clusters across regions to communicate using private IP addresses. MCS integrates with the Kubernetes multi-cluster DNS system, automatically resolving service names across clusters. When combined with Shared VPC, traffic remains internal to Google’s network without using public IPs. This setup provides secure, low-latency connectivity, scalable service discovery, and centralized network management. Additionally, MCS supports automatic failover between clusters and works seamlessly with GKE’s Fleet management model, providing operational simplicity for multi-region deployments.

C) Cloud VPN with static routes could technically connect clusters in different regions securely, but static routes are not dynamic and require manual maintenance as clusters scale or IP ranges change. Traffic will also experience added latency due to tunneling. VPN does not provide Kubernetes service discovery or direct pod-to-pod routing, making it unsuitable for multi-cluster deployments requiring automatic and seamless communication.

D) GKE Ingress is designed for exposing HTTP(S) services externally or across clusters through load balancers. While useful for external access, it is not intended for internal pod-to-pod communication across regions. It does not provide private IP-based routing and requires exposure through a proxy or load balancer, which violates the requirement to avoid public internet exposure.

Using Multi-cluster Services with Shared VPC ensures private, secure, and automatically discoverable communication between clusters across regions, fulfilling all requirements efficiently.

Question 43:

Your organization requires centralized monitoring of all network traffic patterns across multiple VPCs for security auditing and performance troubleshooting. You also need to detect anomalies such as unexpected data exfiltration. Which solution should you implement?

A) Firewall logging only
B) Cloud Logging and Monitoring
C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery
D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancers with metrics

Answer:

C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery

Explanation:

A) Firewall logging captures allowed or denied packets per firewall rule. While helpful for auditing specific rule enforcement, it only provides a partial view of network activity and does not capture complete traffic flows. Therefore, it cannot be used for comprehensive monitoring or anomaly detection across multiple VPCs.

B) Cloud Logging and Monitoring provide metrics and logs for various Google Cloud services, including VM instances and applications. However, they do not inherently capture network-level flow data such as source/destination IPs, port numbers, or byte counts. Without flow-level data, detailed traffic analysis and anomaly detection are limited.

C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery are the correct solution. VPC Flow Logs record metadata for all ingress and egress traffic at the subnet level, including source and destination IPs, ports, protocol, bytes, and packet counts. By exporting this data to BigQuery, analysts can perform large-scale queries, trend analysis, and anomaly detection for unusual communication patterns or potential data exfiltration. This provides centralized visibility across multiple VPCs, allowing proactive security monitoring and troubleshooting network performance issues. Flow Logs can also integrate with Cloud Monitoring for alerting and dashboards.

D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancers generate metrics for backend traffic distribution but do not provide a holistic view of all network flows. They are limited to traffic passing through the load balancer and do not capture all inter-VPC or inter-subnet communications.

VPC Flow Logs combined with BigQuery allows complete centralized monitoring, anomaly detection, and historical analysis, fulfilling all organizational requirements.

Question 44:

You are responsible for deploying a global application behind a Google Cloud load balancer. The application must serve traffic from a single anycast IP, route users to the closest healthy backend, support Cloud CDN, and provide automatic cross-region failover. Which load balancer should you choose?

A) Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
C) Network Load Balancer
D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer

Answer:

B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer

Explanation:

A) Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer only distributes traffic within a single region. It cannot provide a single global anycast IP or automatic cross-region failover. Users far from the region experience higher latency, and traffic routing is limited to one geographical location. It also supports Cloud CDN but lacks global load balancing features.

B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer is correct. It supports a single anycast IP address that can be accessed from anywhere globally. The load balancer automatically routes traffic to the nearest healthy backend using Google’s global network and provides automatic failover between regions. It integrates with Cloud CDN for edge caching, reducing latency and egress costs. Additionally, it operates at Layer 7, allowing path-based routing, SSL offload, and intelligent request distribution, making it ideal for global applications requiring high performance, redundancy, and simplified management.

C) Network Load Balancer operates at Layer 4 (TCP/UDP). While it is fast and supports high throughput, it is regional and does not support global anycast IP, Cloud CDN, or Layer 7 features. It cannot automatically route users to the closest backend based on latency or health checks, which makes it unsuitable for global web applications.

D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer is designed for private, internal traffic within a VPC. It does not provide external access, global distribution, anycast IP, or integration with Cloud CDN. It is used for internal service traffic rather than public-facing global applications.

A global external HTTP(S) load balancer satisfies all requirements: single anycast IP, global distribution, CDN support, and automatic failover.

Question 45:

You need to provide secure, private access from on-premises workloads to Google Cloud APIs (such as BigQuery and Cloud Storage) without assigning external IP addresses. Additionally, you must restrict which APIs are accessible to comply with security policies. Which approach should you implement?

A) Cloud NAT
B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints
C) Default internet gateway routes
D) VPC Peering

Answer:

B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints

Explanation:

A) Cloud NAT enables private VMs to access the internet without external IPs but uses public endpoints for Google APIs. It cannot restrict which APIs are accessible, and traffic still leaves Google’s network over public IPs, violating the requirement for fully private access.

B) Private Service Connect is the correct choice. It allows private endpoints for specific Google APIs, providing connectivity through internal IP addresses only. By configuring service-specific endpoints, you can control which APIs on-premises workloads can reach, ensuring compliance with security policies. Traffic remains within Google’s private network, eliminating exposure to the public internet. This approach also scales across multiple projects and networks, integrates with Cloud VPN or Interconnect, and ensures low-latency, private communication.

C) Default internet gateway routes send traffic over the public internet, exposing workloads and offering no API restriction. It does not meet security or privacy requirements.

D) VPC Peering allows private connectivity between VPCs but cannot provide direct access to Google-managed APIs or restrict API usage. Peering is limited to intra-VPC communication.

Private Service Connect is the only solution that meets the requirements of private, restricted, and secure API access for on-premises workloads.

Question 46:

You are designing a high-availability, hybrid cloud network where on-premises data centers and Google Cloud must communicate securely. You need dynamic route updates, automatic failover, and encrypted traffic between sites. Which solution should you implement?

A) Cloud VPN with static routes
B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP)
C) VPC Peering
D) Dedicated Interconnect without Cloud Router

Answer:

B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP)

Explanation:

A) Cloud VPN with static routes provides secure connectivity through IPsec tunnels. While encryption ensures data privacy, static routes do not support automatic failover. If one VPN tunnel fails, routes must be manually adjusted or automated through external processes. This creates operational overhead and increases risk during network outages. Static routing is also difficult to scale for multiple networks or subnets, as each route must be maintained manually.

B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP) is correct because Cloud Router enables dynamic route exchange using BGP. Routes are advertised between on-premises networks and Google Cloud automatically. If one VPN tunnel fails, BGP withdraws the associated routes and shifts traffic to remaining tunnels, providing seamless failover. Encryption is still handled by IPsec, ensuring secure communication. This solution scales across multiple subnets and networks without manual intervention and is the recommended approach for high-availability hybrid networks. It allows multiple tunnels, automatic route convergence, and integrates with monitoring tools for alerting and auditing.

C) VPC Peering provides private connectivity between VPCs but does not support on-premises connectivity or IPsec encryption. Peering cannot dynamically exchange routes with on-premises routers, making it unsuitable for hybrid networks requiring automatic failover. Peering is limited to intra-cloud communication and cannot fulfill hybrid cloud requirements.

D) Dedicated Interconnect provides a high-bandwidth, low-latency connection but does not inherently provide encrypted communication. Without Cloud Router, dynamic route updates are not available. Failover management and route updates must be handled manually or through additional configuration. Dedicated Interconnect is best for high-throughput traffic, but for encrypted, dynamically routed hybrid connectivity, combining Cloud VPN with Cloud Router is more suitable.

Therefore, Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP) meets all the requirements: secure, encrypted traffic, dynamic routing, automatic failover, and scalable hybrid network connectivity.

Question 47:

Your organization wants to ensure that all VPC firewall rules are centrally enforced and cannot be modified by project-level administrators. You also want the ability to block traffic at the organization or folder level for compliance reasons. Which solution meets these requirements?

A) Individual VPC firewall rules with IAM restrictions
B) Hierarchical firewall policies
C) VPC Service Controls
D) Cloud Armor

Answer:

B) Hierarchical firewall policies

Explanation:

A) Individual VPC firewall rules with IAM restrictions can prevent unauthorized users from editing rules in a single project. However, each VPC requires a separate configuration. Project-level administrators may still add rules that bypass organizational security requirements unless IAM policies are extremely restrictive. This method does not scale well across multiple projects or organizations and does not provide centralized enforcement across all VPCs.

B) Hierarchical firewall policies are correct because they allow administrators at the organization or folder level to define firewall rules that automatically propagate to all child projects. These rules are enforced globally before any project-level firewall rules, ensuring that critical security policies cannot be overridden. This approach enables compliance enforcement, centralized management, and consistent security across multiple VPCs, projects, and teams. Rules can include allow or deny policies for ingress and egress traffic, covering internal communication as well as internet-bound traffic. Hierarchical firewall policies also simplify auditing and policy validation, as all rules are visible at the organizational level.

C) VPC Service Controls enhance security for Google-managed services by defining service perimeters to prevent data exfiltration. While useful for restricting API access, they do not enforce general network firewall rules between VMs or subnets. Service perimeters cannot replace centralized firewall management for VPCs.

D) Cloud Armor protects HTTP(S) applications from attacks such as DDoS, SQL injection, or XSS. It operates at Layer 7 and is limited to web application traffic. It cannot enforce network-wide firewall policies or restrict intra-VPC or inter-VPC communication.

Hierarchical firewall policies are therefore the only solution that meets the requirement for centrally enforced, non-overridable firewall rules across an organization.

Question 48:

You are building a multi-region GKE deployment and need to optimize pod-to-pod communication across clusters using private IPs. You also want to minimize latency and avoid public internet exposure. Which approach should you implement?

A) VPC Peering alone
B) Multi-cluster Services (MCS) with Shared VPC
C) Cloud VPN with static routes
D) GKE Ingress

Answer:

B) Multi-cluster Services (MCS) with Shared VPC

Explanation:

A) VPC Peering allows private connectivity between VPCs but does not provide service discovery or automatic routing for pods across clusters. Manual DNS or routing configuration is required, which increases operational complexity. Peering alone cannot scale well for multiple clusters or provide seamless pod-to-pod communication.

B) Multi-cluster Services (MCS) with Shared VPC is correct because it allows pods in multiple clusters across regions to communicate securely using private IPs. Shared VPC ensures all clusters use the same network, preventing public IP exposure. MCS provides multi-cluster DNS-based service discovery, automatically routing requests between clusters without manual configuration. This setup ensures low latency, high availability, and private communication. It also simplifies operational management, as scaling clusters or deploying new services does not require reconfiguration of routing or DNS.

C) Cloud VPN with static routes can connect clusters across regions but does not integrate with Kubernetes service discovery. Static routes require manual maintenance and add latency due to tunneling. It does not provide pod-level connectivity out of the box, making it operationally complex.

D) GKE Ingress exposes services externally using HTTP(S) load balancers. While useful for client-facing services, it is not designed for private pod-to-pod communication and would expose traffic through public endpoints, violating the requirement.

MCS with Shared VPC is the only solution that meets all requirements for private, low-latency, cross-cluster pod communication.

Question 49:

You are tasked with improving performance and reducing egress costs for a global web application that serves static content stored in Cloud Storage. Which solution should you implement?

A) Regional Cloud Storage buckets
B) Cloud Storage FUSE
C) Cloud CDN
D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer

Answer:

C) Cloud CDN

Explanation:

A) Regional Cloud Storage buckets store data in a single region. While they reduce latency for clients in that region, they do not provide global caching or edge distribution. Users far from the region experience higher latency, and egress costs remain high for repeated requests from other locations.

B) Cloud Storage FUSE allows VMs to mount Cloud Storage buckets as a filesystem. It is not designed for global caching or edge delivery. Each request still retrieves data from the bucket, increasing latency and egress costs. It is primarily suitable for internal applications requiring file system access rather than global content delivery.

C) Cloud CDN is correct because it caches content at Google’s edge locations worldwide. Frequently accessed objects are served from the closest edge location, reducing latency and egress costs. Administrators can tune cache keys, TTLs, and invalidation policies for optimal performance. Cloud CDN integrates with global HTTP(S) load balancers, providing additional benefits such as SSL termination, intelligent routing, and security controls. This approach significantly improves user experience and reduces backend load.

D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancers distribute traffic only within a VPC or peered networks. They cannot serve content globally or cache objects at edge locations. Internal load balancers are intended for internal service traffic rather than public content delivery.

Cloud CDN is the only solution that provides global caching, reduced latency, and optimized egress costs for a worldwide web application.

Question 50:

You are designing a hybrid cloud architecture and need private, secure access from on-premises workloads to Google Cloud APIs (e.g., BigQuery, Cloud Storage) without using public IPs. You also need to restrict which APIs can be accessed. Which solution should you implement?

A) Cloud NAT
B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints
C) Default internet gateway
D) VPC Peering

Answer:

B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints

Explanation:

A) Cloud NAT allows private VMs to access the internet without assigning external IPs. However, traffic still reaches public endpoints for Google APIs, and Cloud NAT cannot restrict which APIs are accessed. It fails to meet the requirement for private, controlled connectivity.

B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints is correct because it allows private connectivity to selected Google APIs through internal IPs only. Administrators can configure service-specific endpoints, ensuring workloads access only the intended APIs. Traffic remains within Google’s private network, eliminating exposure to the public internet. This approach scales across projects and networks and integrates with VPN or Interconnect for hybrid deployments. It also supports monitoring and logging for compliance.

C) Default internet gateway routes expose traffic to public IPs, violating privacy requirements. There is no mechanism to restrict API access, making this approach insecure and non-compliant.

D) VPC Peering enables private communication between VPCs but cannot connect to Google-managed APIs. Peering is limited to intra-cloud connectivity and does not provide API-level control.

Private Service Connect is the only solution that ensures private, restricted, and secure API access for on-premises workloads while enforcing policy controls.

Question 51:

You are designing a multi-region VPC architecture to connect several application workloads across regions with low-latency communication. You want to minimize complexity while ensuring that traffic remains private and secure. Which solution should you implement?

A) VPC Peering across regions
B) Cloud VPN with static routes
C) Multi-region Shared VPC
D) External HTTP(S) Load Balancer

Answer:

C) Multi-region Shared VPC

Explanation:

A) VPC Peering allows private connectivity between VPC networks. While it can work across regions, it does not scale well in a multi-project, multi-region scenario. Each peering connection requires manual configuration, and transitive routing is not supported, which can lead to complex network topologies. Peering also does not provide centralized management of firewall rules or routing policies, which increases operational overhead when managing multiple regions.

B) Cloud VPN with static routes establishes encrypted connectivity over the public internet. Although encryption ensures traffic security, static routes do not dynamically adjust to changes in the network, and failover handling is limited. This can introduce latency and reliability issues for multi-region communication. VPNs are better suited for connecting on-premises networks or for backup connectivity, but not for large-scale, multi-region cloud networks requiring private routing.

C) Multi-region Shared VPC is correct because it allows multiple projects to attach resources to a central host project with subnets distributed across regions. This configuration provides private connectivity between workloads without exposing public IP addresses. Shared VPC also enables centralized management of routing and firewall policies, ensuring security and compliance. Multi-region Shared VPC reduces operational complexity, supports scalable network design, and ensures low-latency traffic between regions using Google’s backbone network. It also facilitates simplified monitoring and auditing of network traffic across regions and projects.

D) External HTTP(S) Load Balancer is designed for distributing traffic from external clients to backends across regions. While it supports global load balancing, it is not suitable for private, internal workload-to-workload communication. It does not provide intra-VPC connectivity or centralized routing between private subnets, making it unsuitable for this use case.

Multi-region Shared VPC is therefore the optimal solution for low-latency, private, and centrally managed multi-region connectivity.

Question 52:

Your organization wants to monitor all ingress and egress traffic for multiple VPCs in order to identify potential security threats and compliance violations. You also need the ability to query traffic patterns for troubleshooting and analytics. Which solution should you implement?

A) Firewall logging
B) Cloud Logging only
C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery
D) Cloud Monitoring

Answer:

C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery

Explanation:

A) Firewall logging captures allowed or denied packets based on firewall rules. While it is useful for auditing specific security rules, it only provides partial traffic visibility and cannot capture all network flows for analysis. Firewall logs are insufficient for comprehensive monitoring or detecting anomalous traffic patterns across multiple VPCs.

B) Cloud Logging collects logs from Google Cloud services, including VM instances and applications. However, it does not automatically capture network flow metadata such as source and destination IP addresses, ports, protocols, or packet counts. Without this level of detail, identifying traffic patterns, detecting anomalies, or performing detailed network analytics is difficult.

C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery is correct because it captures detailed metadata for all ingress and egress traffic at the subnet level. Logs include source/destination IPs, ports, protocol information, bytes transferred, and packet counts. By exporting logs to BigQuery, analysts can perform large-scale queries, trend analysis, anomaly detection, and forensic investigations. This setup provides centralized visibility across multiple VPCs, enabling proactive monitoring, detection of potential threats, and troubleshooting performance issues. Integration with Cloud Monitoring and alerting allows real-time notification of unusual patterns or potential data exfiltration events. This solution scales well for multi-VPC environments and supports compliance and auditing requirements.

D) Cloud Monitoring provides metrics collection and alerting for Google Cloud resources. While useful for performance monitoring, it does not inherently provide detailed flow-level traffic information, making it unsuitable as a standalone solution for network traffic analysis.

VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery provides comprehensive, centralized, and queryable visibility into all network traffic patterns, meeting all requirements for security, analytics, and compliance.

Question 53:

You are tasked with ensuring that all Compute Engine instances without external IP addresses can access Google Cloud APIs privately and securely. Additionally, your security policy requires that only specific APIs be accessible. Which solution should you implement?

A) Cloud NAT
B) Private Google Access with VPC Service Controls
C) VPC Peering
D) Default internet gateway routes

Answer:

B) Private Google Access with VPC Service Controls

Explanation:

A) Cloud NAT allows private VMs to access the internet without public IPs. While it enables connectivity, it does not restrict which Google APIs can be accessed. Traffic still traverses public endpoints, exposing the VMs to the internet and violating security policies requiring private API access.

B) Private Google Access with VPC Service Controls is correct. Private Google Access allows VMs without external IP addresses to connect to Google APIs using internal IPs only, ensuring traffic remains within Google’s private network. VPC Service Controls allow administrators to define service perimeters, restricting which APIs can be accessed by workloads. This provides fine-grained access control, prevents data exfiltration, and ensures compliance with security policies. This solution scales across multiple projects and networks and integrates with hybrid environments via Cloud VPN or Dedicated Interconnect. It also allows monitoring and logging for auditing and operational visibility.

C) VPC Peering enables private connectivity between VPC networks but does not provide access to Google-managed APIs. Peering is limited to intra-cloud communication and cannot enforce API-level restrictions.

D) Default internet gateway routes direct traffic to the public internet, exposing workloads and offering no ability to restrict API access. This violates both privacy and security requirements.

Private Google Access with VPC Service Controls is the only solution that meets the requirement for private, restricted, and secure API access from instances without external IPs.

Question 54:

Your company wants to deploy a global application behind a single IP address while ensuring users are routed to the closest healthy backend, edge caching is enabled, and failover occurs automatically between regions. Which load balancer should you choose?

A) Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
C) Network Load Balancer
D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer

Answer:

B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer

Explanation:

A) Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer operates within a single region. It cannot provide a single global IP address, global routing to the closest backend, or automatic cross-region failover. While it supports Cloud CDN integration, it lacks true global distribution.

B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer is correct. It provides a single anycast IP address globally, automatically routing users to the closest healthy backend using Google’s global network. Integration with Cloud CDN enables edge caching, reducing latency and egress costs. Automatic failover between regions ensures high availability for global users. The load balancer operates at Layer 7, supporting path-based routing, SSL offload, and security policies, making it ideal for global web applications.

C) Network Load Balancer operates at Layer 4 and is regional. It provides high throughput and low latency but does not support global IPs, Cloud CDN, or automatic cross-region failover. It is suitable for TCP/UDP workloads within a region but not for global HTTP(S) applications.

D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer is used for private, internal traffic within a VPC. It cannot provide external access, global distribution, or integration with CDN services, making it unsuitable for public-facing global applications.

Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer meets all requirements for global access, closest backend routing, edge caching, and automatic failover.

Question 55:

Your organization wants to ensure encrypted traffic between on-premises networks and Google Cloud, with automatic route updates and high availability for hybrid workloads. Which solution should you implement?

A) Dedicated Interconnect without Cloud Router
B) Cloud VPN with static routes
C) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP)
D) VPC Peering

Answer:

C) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP)

Explanation:

A) Dedicated Interconnect provides high-bandwidth connectivity but does not provide encryption by default. Without Cloud Router, routing must be manually managed, which does not support automatic failover or dynamic route updates.

B) Cloud VPN with static routes provides encrypted connectivity but lacks dynamic routing. Failover requires manual intervention, and scaling to multiple subnets or networks increases operational complexity.

C) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP) is correct. It provides IPsec-encrypted tunnels for secure traffic and uses BGP for dynamic route exchange. If a tunnel fails, BGP withdraws the affected routes and traffic automatically switches to healthy tunnels. This solution is highly available, scalable, and ensures secure, private connectivity between on-premises and Google Cloud workloads. BGP allows multi-subnet, multi-site configurations to converge automatically, minimizing administrative overhead and improving reliability for hybrid deployments.

D) VPC Peering is limited to internal communication between VPCs. It cannot connect on-premises networks or provide encryption and dynamic route updates, making it unsuitable for hybrid network connectivity.

Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP) ensures encrypted traffic, automatic failover, and dynamic routing for secure and highly available hybrid cloud environments.

Question 56:

You are designing a highly available hybrid cloud network with multiple on-premises data centers connected to Google Cloud. Your goal is to ensure encrypted traffic, automatic failover, and low latency. You also want to minimize operational complexity. Which solution should you implement?

A) Cloud VPN with static routes
B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP)
C) Dedicated Interconnect without Cloud Router
D) VPC Peering

Answer:

B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP)

Explanation:

A) Cloud VPN with static routes provides encrypted communication through IPsec tunnels. While this ensures secure data transmission, static routes require manual configuration. Failover is not automatic; if one tunnel fails, administrators must manually adjust routes or wait for scripts to handle route changes. This introduces operational overhead and delays in recovery, which is not ideal for high availability across multiple data centers.

B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP) is correct. It combines the security of IPsec-encrypted tunnels with the flexibility of BGP for dynamic route exchange. If a VPN tunnel fails, BGP automatically withdraws affected routes and directs traffic through alternative tunnels, providing seamless failover. This reduces latency by leveraging optimal paths and simplifies operational management, as route propagation and failover are automatic. It scales well to multiple sites and subnets without manual intervention, ensuring continuous availability for hybrid workloads. Cloud Router can also adjust to IP changes in subnets, making it ideal for dynamic and growing network architectures.

C) Dedicated Interconnect provides high-bandwidth, low-latency connectivity but does not offer IPsec encryption by default. Without a Cloud Router, routes must be manually configured, which increases complexity. Failover management also becomes more cumbersome compared to a VPN with dynamic routing. While Interconnect is suitable for high-throughput workloads, it does not fully address the security and automation requirements in this scenario.

D) VPC Peering allows private connectivity between VPCs but is limited to intra-cloud traffic. It cannot connect on-premises networks, does not provide encryption for external traffic, and cannot manage automatic route failover. It is unsuitable for hybrid cloud networks requiring secure, high-availability communication.

Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP) ensures encrypted traffic, dynamic routing, and automatic failover while minimizing operational complexity, making it the most appropriate solution for highly available hybrid networks.

Question 57:

Your organization needs to enforce centralized network security policies across multiple projects and VPCs. The policies must be non-overridable by project-level administrators and allow both ingress and egress filtering. Which solution meets these requirements?

A) Individual VPC firewall rules with IAM restrictions
B) Hierarchical firewall policies
C) Cloud Armor
D) VPC Service Controls

Answer:
B) Hierarchical firewall policies

Explanation:

A) Individual VPC firewall rules with IAM restrictions can limit who modifies rules within a project. While this approach prevents unauthorized changes at the project level, it does not provide organization-wide policy enforcement. Project-level administrators can still add rules that may conflict with broader security requirements, and auditing multiple projects for consistency becomes cumbersome.

B) Hierarchical firewall policies are correct. They allow network administrators to define rules at the organization or folder level that automatically propagate to all child projects. These rules are enforced before project-level firewall rules, ensuring critical security policies cannot be overridden. Hierarchical policies support both ingress and egress filtering, providing comprehensive protection for workloads across multiple VPCs and projects. They simplify compliance management and auditing by centralizing security enforcement while allowing operational flexibility for specific project needs under controlled conditions.

C) Cloud Armor is designed for application-layer (Layer 7) protection. It can mitigate DDoS attacks, enforce rate limiting, and filter HTTP(S) traffic, but it does not provide network-layer firewall enforcement across VPCs. Cloud Armor cannot block general ingress or egress traffic between VPCs or to the internet at the organization level.

D) VPC Service Controls provide data exfiltration protection and service perimeter enforcement for Google-managed services. While they restrict access to APIs and sensitive data, they do not replace firewall rules for general VPC network traffic. They are complementary but insufficient as the sole solution for centralized network security enforcement.

Hierarchical firewall policies are therefore the only solution that ensures centralized, non-overridable, and comprehensive security across multiple projects and VPCs, meeting all requirements.

Question 58:

You need to monitor network traffic across multiple VPCs to detect anomalies and optimize performance. You also want to perform analytics on traffic patterns over time. Which solution should you implement?

A) Firewall logging only
B) Cloud Logging
C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery
D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer metrics

Answer:

C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery

Explanation:

A) Firewall logging captures allowed or denied packets based on firewall rules. While useful for auditing and security rule enforcement, it only provides partial visibility of network traffic. It does not capture all ingress and egress flows, and it is insufficient for comprehensive analysis or detecting unexpected traffic patterns across multiple VPCs.

B) Cloud Logging collects logs from multiple services and VMs, providing general observability. However, it does not inherently capture network flow metadata such as IP addresses, ports, bytes, or packet counts. Without this data, performing detailed network analytics or anomaly detection is limited.

C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery are correct. It provides detailed metadata for all ingress and egress traffic, including source/destination IPs, ports, protocol, bytes transferred, and packet counts. Exporting logs to BigQuery enables large-scale queries, trend analysis, anomaly detection, and security monitoring. Analysts can identify unexpected communication patterns, detect data exfiltration, and troubleshoot performance issues. This solution also supports centralized visibility across multiple VPCs, scaling efficiently with enterprise environments. Integration with Cloud Monitoring allows alerts and dashboards for proactive detection and operational efficiency.

D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer metrics provide statistics for traffic passing through the load balancer but only for selected internal services. They do not provide a holistic view of all network traffic or support detailed flow analytics.

VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery provides centralized, scalable, and detailed traffic visibility, supporting security, performance optimization, and analytics across multiple VPCs.

Question 59:

You are designing a global application that requires users to be served from the closest region, with automatic failover and caching of static content. Which load balancer should you implement?

A) Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
C) Network Load Balancer
D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer

Answer:

B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer

Explanation:

A) Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer only distributes traffic within a single region. It cannot provide a single global IP, nor can it automatically route users to the closest healthy backend across regions. While it supports Cloud CDN integration, it lacks true global load balancing and automatic failover.

B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer is correct. It provides a single anycast IP address worldwide, automatically routing users to the closest healthy backend using Google’s global network. It integrates with Cloud CDN to cache static content at edge locations, reducing latency and egress costs. The load balancer also supports automatic cross-region failover, SSL termination, path-based routing, and intelligent traffic distribution. It ensures high availability, optimal performance, and improved user experience globally.

C) Network Load Balancer operates at Layer 4 and is regional. It is optimized for TCP/UDP workloads but does not provide global routing, anycast IPs, or CDN integration. It cannot automatically select the nearest backend or provide cross-region failover.

D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer is designed for private, internal traffic within a VPC. It does not support external clients, global distribution, or caching.

The global external HTTP(S) load balancer meets all requirements for global reach, low latency, edge caching, and automatic failover.

Question 60:

You are connecting on-premises networks to Google Cloud and need encrypted communication, dynamic routing, and automatic failover between multiple tunnels. Which solution should you use?

A) Cloud VPN with static routes
B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP)
C) Dedicated Interconnect without Cloud Router
D) VPC Peering

Answer:

B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP)

Explanation:

A) Cloud VPN with static routes provides encryption but does not support automatic route updates or failover. Manual intervention is required if a tunnel fails, which increases operational complexity and risks downtime.

B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP) is correct. IPsec tunnels ensure encrypted traffic, while Cloud Router dynamically exchanges routes between on-premises and Google Cloud. In case of a tunnel failure, BGP automatically withdraws routes and reroutes traffic through healthy tunnels, providing high availability and minimal latency disruption. This solution scales to multiple sites and subnets without manual adjustments, making it ideal for hybrid network architectures. Cloud Router also supports dynamic IP management, reducing operational overhead while maintaining secure and reliable connectivity.

C) Dedicated Interconnect provides high bandwidth but does not offer encryption by default. Without Cloud Router, route management and failover are manual. While suitable for high-throughput workloads, it does not fully meet the security and automation requirements.

D) VPC Peering allows private connectivity between VPCs but cannot connect on-premises networks, provide encryption, or manage dynamic routes. It is unsuitable for hybrid networks requiring secure, highly available communication.

Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP) meets all requirements for encrypted, dynamically routed, highly available hybrid cloud connectivity.