Google Professional Cloud Network Engineer Exam Dumps and Practice Test Questions Set2 Q21-40

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Question 21:

Your organization is deploying a global application across multiple Google Cloud regions. You need a single anycast IP address to serve worldwide users, automatic cross-region failover, Cloud CDN support, and the ability to route users to the closest available backend. Which load balancing solution satisfies all requirements?

A) Regional External HTTP Load Balancer
B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
C) Network Load Balancer
D) TCP Proxy Load Balancer

Answer:

B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer

Explanation:

The correct answer is the global external HTTP(S) load balancer because it uniquely supports worldwide distribution of web traffic using a single anycast IP, intelligent routing based on proximity and latency, built-in global health checks, Cloud CDN integration, and very fast failover. To understand why this is the optimal solution, it is important to examine each of the provided choices.

A) The regional external HTTP load balancer cannot meet the requirements of global distribution or anycast routing because it is fundamentally limited to a single region. Although it is a capable Layer 7 load balancer, it handles traffic only within one geographical area. Users around the world would be forced to connect to that specific region regardless of distance, increasing latency and reducing performance. Additionally, failover between regions does not occur automatically. Implementing multi-region failover using DNS is far slower, depends on DNS TTL expiration, and is operationally more complex. Since the question requires global routing with fast automatic failover, this choice fails to meet multiple key criteria.

B) This is the correct response because the global external HTTP(S) load balancer is designed specifically for multi-region, globally distributed applications. It uses a single anycast IP announced from Google’s worldwide edge points of presence. This architecture allows users to connect to the nearest Google edge node, enabling low-latency access from anywhere on the planet. The load balancer then forwards traffic across Google’s private backbone to the nearest healthy backend service. It integrates natively with Cloud CDN, allowing edge caching of web assets for even faster delivery. Additionally, it includes global health checks that continuously monitor backend availability. If a backend service or entire region becomes unavailable, the load balancer automatically and immediately routes traffic to another region with no DNS propagation delay. This solution satisfies every requirement listed in the question.

C) A network load balancer does not fulfill the requirements because it operates at Layer 4 and does not support global anycast HTTP routing, CDN integration, or advanced request-level features. It is intended for high-performance TCP and UDP workloads requiring ultra-low latency but without global distribution intelligence. It cannot route users to the nearest backend based on geography or health. It also cannot perform protocol-level functions such as SSL termination, URL-based routing, or edge caching.

D) A TCP proxy load balancer is global in nature, but it only supports TCP traffic at Layer 4. It cannot integrate with Cloud CDN, cannot inspect HTTP requests, cannot perform path-based routing, and is unsuitable for HTTPS traffic requiring global edge termination. While it uses a global anycast IP, it does not meet the broader functional requirements of a global web application.

Question 22:

Your company must secure hybrid connectivity between its on-premises datacenter and Google Cloud. The datacenter must connect to two Google Cloud regions for redundancy. The solution must provide high availability, dynamic routing, and private connectivity without traversing the public internet. What should you choose?

A) Cloud VPN with static routing
B) Partner Interconnect with Cloud Router
C) Direct Peering
D) Cloud VPN with BGP

Answer:

B) Partner Interconnect with Cloud Router

Explanation:

The correct answer is Partner Interconnect with Cloud Router because this combination provides private, highly available connectivity with dynamic routing through BGP and supports multi-region redundancy without using the public internet. To understand why this option is superior, each available choice must be analyzed in detail based on the requirements.

A) This choice cannot satisfy the need for high availability and dynamic routing because Cloud VPN with static routing does not support BGP. Static routes must be manually reconfigured, which increases operational risk and does not offer seamless failover between regions. Additionally, Cloud VPN traffic travels over the public internet, which violates the requirement for private connectivity. Even though the traffic is encrypted, it is neither private nor free from internet-based latency variability. The question specifically states that connectivity must not traverse the public internet, which makes this option immediately unsuitable.

B) This is the correct selection because Partner Interconnect provides private connectivity through a supported service provider. When combined with Cloud Router, it supports dynamic routing via BGP, allowing automatic route exchange between on-premises networks and Google Cloud VPCs. This provides seamless failover and minimizes configuration overhead when changes occur in network topology. Partner Interconnect also supports redundant VLAN attachments across two edge availability zones in two regions, satisfying the high-availability requirement. Traffic never traverses the public internet because it flows through the service provider’s dedicated network. This solution aligns perfectly with every requirement: redundancy, dynamic routing, private connectivity, and multi-region support.

C) Direct Peering does not satisfy the requirement because it does not provide private VPC-level connectivity. Direct Peering connects the customer network to Google’s edge points of presence, but the traffic is only private to Google’s front-end services (such as Gmail, YouTube, or Google APIs). It does not provide a private path into a VPC network. It also does not offer the dynamic routing needed and does not allow connecting directly to VPC subnets, making it insufficient for hybrid cloud architecture.

D) Cloud VPN with BGP does offer dynamic routing, but it still fails the requirement for private connectivity. Cloud VPN tunnels travel over the public internet, regardless of encryption. Because the requirement explicitly prohibits public internet traversal, this solution cannot be used. Additionally, Cloud VPN cannot provide the low latency and high throughput typically required in enterprise hybrid cloud environments.

Question 23:

Your security team requires that only internal services communicate with each other using private IPs across multiple regions. You must design a network that allows teams in different projects to share VPC resources while maintaining IAM-based administrative boundaries. Which Google Cloud feature best meets this requirement?

A) VPC Peering
B) Shared VPC
C) Cloud VPN
D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer

Answer:

B) Shared VPC

Explanation:

This question revolves around the need to share VPC resources securely across projects while ensuring private IP-based communication across regions and maintaining IAM isolation. The correct response is Shared VPC because it satisfies all these requirements simultaneously. However, it is important to examine each of the available choices to understand why Shared VPC is the strongest and most suitable answer.

A) VPC Peering allows private communication between two VPCs, but it does not scale well when multiple projects or teams need to interconnect. It also lacks centralized administrative control, meaning each peering connection must be individually configured and managed. VPC Peering does not support transitive routing, so if Project A peers with Project B, and Project B peers with Project C, Project A cannot communicate with Project C unless additional peering arrangements are manually configured. This increases complexity and administration overhead. Additionally, IAM-based resource delegation across multiple projects is not supported in a way that matches the question’s requirements.

B) Shared VPC is the correct answer. Shared VPC allows a central host project to contain the VPC resources, while multiple service projects can attach workloads to shared subnets. Private IP communication works seamlessly across projects and regions, maintaining internal-only routing while preventing external exposure. Shared VPC also enables granular IAM control through roles such as network admin, security admin, and service project admin. This allows team-level isolation without requiring redundant network topologies. It is scalable, secure, and aligns directly with enterprise organizational structures. This solution fulfills all requirements: private internal communication, multi-region support, cross-project integration, and IAM separation.

C) Cloud VPN does not apply to this scenario because it is designed for connecting on-premises networks to cloud VPCs or linking VPCs over public internet tunnels. It does not support cross-project communication within Google Cloud and does not fulfill the administrative boundary requirements described. It also traverses the public internet unless combined with dedicated interconnect solutions, making it irrelevant for intra-cloud communication.

D) The internal TCP/UDP load balancer supports private internal communication within a region, but it does not share VPC resources across projects nor provide IAM-based separation. It is a valuable tool for regional load balancing but does not meet organizational requirements for multi-project governance or shared network architecture.

Question 24:

You manage a Google Cloud VPC with multiple subnets hosting microservices. You need a mechanism to control outbound traffic, ensuring that only approved external domains and IP addresses can be accessed from workloads. What is the best solution to enforce this policy?

A) Firewall egress rules
B) Cloud NAT with custom routes
C) VPC Service Controls
D) Private Service Connect

Answer:

A) Firewall egress rules

Explanation:

The correct answer is firewall egress rules because they are specifically designed to control outbound traffic from VMs based on destination IP addresses, tags, service accounts, and protocols. To understand why this is the best solution, it is helpful to evaluate each of the listed options and identify their strengths and limitations in the context of outbound traffic filtering.

A) Firewall egress rules allow administrators to explicitly permit or deny outbound traffic from VM instances. They provide fine-grained control over which destinations workloads can reach, enforce IP-based restrictions, and apply to instances using service accounts or network tags. This mechanism gives administrators the flexibility to whitelist or blacklist external services on a granular level. Firewall egress rules operate at the VPC level and are evaluated before any outbound traffic leaves the network. This makes them ideal for controlling access to external IP addresses, enforcing security policies, and preventing unauthorized external communication. Additionally, firewall rules integrate well with IAM to enforce consistent security governance across the organization. This solution matches the question’s requirement exactly: controlling outbound access to approved external IPs and domains.

B) Cloud NAT is used to provide outbound internet access to VM instances without external IPs, but it does not filter destinations. It simply translates private IPs to a pool of external IPs. Although Cloud NAT works with firewall rules, it does not provide the filtering capability itself. Custom routes also do not solve domain-based filtering because routing operates at the IP level, not the domain level. Cloud NAT ensures connectivity but does not provide enforcement for what destinations are permitted. Therefore, it cannot meet the requirement by itself.

C) VPC Service Controls protect Google-managed services such as Cloud Storage and BigQuery by creating service perimeters. While powerful in preventing data exfiltration from Google services, they do not control outbound traffic from VM instances to arbitrary IP addresses or domains. They are not designed for general egress filtering.

D) Private Service Connect allows private access to Google services and partner services without exposing traffic to the public internet. However, it does not control outbound access to general external websites or arbitrary IP destinations. It solves a different problem by enabling private connectivity rather than filtering egress traffic.

Question 25:

You need to monitor and analyze traffic patterns inside your VPC for troubleshooting performance issues and identifying unusual network behavior. The solution must provide metadata about connections, packet counts, bytes transferred, and allow exporting logs to BigQuery for advanced analysis. What feature should you enable?

A) Cloud Audit Logs
B) VPC Flow Logs
C) Firewall Rule Logging
D) Cloud Logging Metrics

Answer:

B) VPC Flow Logs

Explanation:

The correct answer is VPC Flow Logs because they provide detailed metadata about network flows within a VPC, including information such as source and destination IPs, ports, protocols, bytes sent and received, and connection states. These logs can be exported to BigQuery, Cloud Storage, or Pub/Sub for long-term analysis, machine learning, security monitoring, or incident response activities. To fully understand why VPC Flow Logs are the ideal choice, it is important to examine the purpose and limitations of each option.

A) Cloud Audit Logs do not provide packet-level or flow-level metadata. Audit Logs focus on who did what within Google Cloud services—such as API calls, configuration changes, IAM policy updates, or administrative operations. They do not capture network traffic or provide visibility into communication between VM instances. While they are essential for governance and compliance, they are not suitable for network traffic analysis.

B) VPC Flow Logs are specifically designed for network traffic monitoring. They collect metadata for both ingress and egress traffic on a per-subnet basis. Administrators can control sampling rates and choose what metadata to include. VPC Flow Logs help detect latency issues, identify unexpected communication patterns, troubleshoot connectivity failures, and observe trends in service usage. Because they integrate natively with BigQuery, they support large-scale, real-time analytics enabling teams to build dashboards, anomaly detection models, and automated alerts. VPC Flow Logs also work well for security monitoring by identifying suspicious behavior such as port scanning, unexpected outbound traffic, or potential malware activity. This makes them the precise solution needed.

C) Firewall Rule Logging captures logs only when traffic is allowed or denied by specific firewall rules. While useful, it does not provide a comprehensive view of all network traffic. It only logs decisions made by firewall policies, which is too narrow to analyze overall patterns or understand general performance issues. It cannot replace the broad visibility of VPC Flow Logs.

D) Cloud Logging Metrics allow administrators to create custom metrics based on logs but do not themselves collect flow data. They are useful for alerting and monitoring but rely on underlying logs such as VPC Flow Logs. They cannot function as a standalone network visibility solution.

Question 26:

Your security team requires that all outbound traffic from your private GKE cluster is routed through a centralized VPC firewall policy and a Cloud NAT gateway deployed in a shared services VPC. The cluster resides in a separate application VPC. You need to design the connectivity so that the private cluster nodes can reach the internet but still comply with centralized egress controls. What should you configure?

A) Create a VPC peering connection and enable Cloud NAT in the application VPC
B) Use VPC Network Connectivity Center with a router appliance
C) Use a Shared VPC and attach the private GKE cluster to the shared services host project
D) Use Cloud VPN between the VPCs and route traffic to the shared services NAT

Answer:

C) Use a Shared VPC and attach the private GKE cluster to the shared services host project

Explanation:

The correct answer is the shared VPC configuration because it allows centralized governance, routing, firewall policies, and NAT to be applied consistently across multiple service projects. To understand why this works best, let’s walk through each choice and evaluate them carefully.

A) cannot work because VPC peering does not support transitive routing and does not allow you to send egress traffic from one VPC through another VPC’s Cloud NAT. Peering is limited to simple private RFC 1918 address connectivity between networks. It does not forward or proxy NATed traffic and does not allow one VPC to “borrow” NAT from the other. The application VPC would need its own NAT solution, which violates the requirement that the security team wants centralized governance.

B) mentions Network Connectivity Center, which is useful for hybrid routing, SD-WAN integration, and hub-and-spoke architectures. However, NCC does not provide a mechanism to centralize Cloud NAT or VPC firewall policies across multiple VPCs. NCC hubs do not act as NAT forwarding points. While NCC can build routing fabrics between on-prem and cloud or between multiple VPCs using router appliances, it does not solve the requirement of allowing private cluster egress to be centrally managed via Cloud NAT in another VPC.

C) is correct because Shared VPC allows you to attach service projects (such as the project containing your GKE cluster) to a host project (the shared services VPC). With this structure, all cluster nodes receive their network interfaces directly from the shared services VPC. This means they automatically follow the shared VPC’s firewall policies, routes, NAT configuration, and egress controls. The security team can manage everything in one place, and the application developers do not need to configure NAT themselves. This is the exact purpose of Shared VPC: to centralize network administration while distributing compute workloads among teams. It satisfies the requirement for centralized egress, unified firewall policy enforcement, and the ability for private nodes to reach the internet via Cloud NAT in the host project.

D) using Cloud VPN between projects is unnecessary and inefficient. VPN tunnels introduce cost, latency, bandwidth limits, and operational overhead across projects owned by the same organization. More importantly, VPN does not allow centralized Cloud NAT either; routing egress traffic over VPN to another VPC’s NAT is not supported. This solution would be both architecturally incorrect and significantly more complex.

Therefore, the shared VPC model is the only approach that meets all requirements simultaneously.

Question 27:

You are designing a multi-VPC architecture with strict security controls. The security team mandates that all VPC firewall rules must be centrally managed, applied consistently across the organization, and protected from modification by project-level administrators. What should you implement?

A) Hierarchical firewall policies
B) VPC firewall rules with IAM restrictions
C) Organization policy constraints on VPC firewalls
D) Cloud Armor security policies

Answer:

A) Hierarchical firewall policies

Explanation:

The correct answer is hierarchical firewall policies because they provide organization-level and folder-level enforcement of firewall rules across multiple VPCs and projects. Let’s examine each choice in detail to understand why only hierarchical firewall policies satisfy the complete requirement for central management and protection from modification.

A) is correct because hierarchical firewall policies allow administrators at the organization or folder level to define firewall rules that propagate down into all projects contained within that hierarchy. These rules are enforced before VPC-level firewalls, meaning project administrators cannot override or delete them. This ensures consistent security across all networks and prevents individual teams from loosening restrictions. The security team can define global allow and deny rules, ensuring compliance. These policies are especially useful for multi-VPC environments where dozens or hundreds of projects must follow centralized governance.

B) suggests using VPC firewall rules with IAM restrictions. Although IAM can control who can edit firewall rules, it does not prevent project owners from creating new rules that override security standards unless extremely restrictive IAM policies are used. Additionally, IAM cannot enforce cross-project consistency or guarantee that rules apply across the entire organization. Even if access is tightly controlled, project administrators can still circumvent rules by creating additional VPCs unless hierarchical controls are applied.

C) organization policy constraints can restrict certain network configurations, such as preventing the creation of external IP addresses or restricting firewall rule creation, but they cannot enforce specific firewall rules across all projects. Organization policies only limit what teams can do — they do not push down actual firewall rules. As such, they do not satisfy the requirement for centrally defined firewall enforcement.

D) Cloud Armor is a Layer 7 web application firewall designed to protect HTTP(S) applications served through the global external HTTP(S) load balancer. It is not used for internal VPC firewall enforcement or for controlling traffic between VMs, GKE nodes, or hybrid networks. Cloud Armor protects front-end web traffic, not internal workloads, and cannot replace VPC firewall governance.

Given these considerations, the only choice that provides centrally enforced, tamper-proof, consistent firewall rule propagation across all VPCs is hierarchical firewall policies.

Question 28:

Your organization uses a hub-and-spoke network architecture with multiple on-premises data centers connected to Google Cloud via Cloud Interconnect. You need a way to dynamically exchange routes between spokes and ensure optimal routing without manually configuring static routes. Which solution should you deploy?

A) Cloud Router
B) VPC Peering
C) Static routes with next hops
D) Firewall rules with routing tags

Answer:

A) Cloud Router

Explanation:

Cloud Router is the correct solution because it provides dynamic route exchange using BGP, enabling optimal routing and automatic updates as network topology changes. To appreciate why it’s the only correct choice, we must evaluate each alternative thoroughly.

A) is correct because Cloud Router supports BGP sessions over Dedicated Interconnect, Partner Interconnect, and Cloud VPN. This enables automatic route advertisement from Google Cloud to on-premises and vice versa. In a hub-and-spoke architecture, Cloud Routers deployed in each spoke VPC or in shared VPC configurations can dynamically update routes as new subnets are created, removed, or modified. This eliminates the need for static routes and supports scalable multi-site architectures. Cloud Router also ensures high availability when redundant BGP sessions are created, and it automatically fails over between interconnect links without network administrator intervention.

B) VPC Peering does not support dynamic routing or transitive routing. Routes in VPC peering are static and automatically exchanged only between the two directly peered VPCs. Since hub-and-spoke architectures require centralized route sharing and dynamic propagation across multiple networks, VPC peering cannot meet the requirement. It also does not support on-premises route propagation.

C) static routes create operational overhead, do not scale, and do not dynamically adjust to network changes. In large enterprise environments with many subnets and spokes, static routing quickly becomes unmanageable. They also do not integrate with BGP or Interconnect routing, meaning any infrastructure changes require manual reconfiguration. This violates the requirement for automatic route distribution.

D) firewall rules with routing tags cannot influence actual network routing. Firewall rules control packet filtering, not path selection or route distribution. Tags cannot substitute for routing protocols, nor can they dynamically update paths between on-premises and cloud environments.

Therefore, Cloud Router is the only possible solution that meets all requirements for dynamic route exchange, scalability, multi-site connectivity, and integration with Interconnect.

Question 29:

You are deploying a high-performance application that requires low-latency access to Cloud Storage buckets from multiple Compute Engine instances across different regions. The application handles terabytes of data and requires caching to minimize egress costs and maximize throughput. Which service should you enable?

A) Cloud CDN
B) Cloud Storage Multi-Regional bucket
C) Cloud Storage FUSE
D) Cloud Storage Regional bucket

Answer:

A) Cloud CDN

Explanation:

Cloud CDN is the correct choice because it uses edge caching to reduce latency and cost when serving frequently accessed Cloud Storage content. Let’s examine why it is the best solution and why the other choices fall short.

A) is correct because Cloud CDN integrates directly with Cloud Storage backend buckets configured behind a global external HTTP(S) load balancer. Cloud CDN stores cached objects at Google’s edge locations around the world, significantly reducing latency when accessed repeatedly. This lowers bandwidth charges and dramatically improves throughput for high-volume applications. For workloads involving terabytes of data, caching is critical because Cloud CDN reduces repeated data retrieval from Cloud Storage, preventing unnecessary egress and achieving much faster access. Additionally, Cloud CDN maintains global presence with low-latency access through Google’s premium network, making it ideal for multi-region deployments.

B) a multi-regional bucket improves availability and geographic replication but does not provide caching at edge nodes and does not minimize egress or latency in the way Cloud CDN does. Multi-regional storage is intended for redundancy and geo-distribution, not caching. Data is still served from the nearest bucket replica, which may not be as close as an edge POP. For high-performance caching use cases, a multi-regional bucket is insufficient.

C) Cloud Storage FUSE is a tool that lets you mount Cloud Storage buckets as file systems. While useful for certain workloads, it introduces latency overhead and is not intended for high-bandwidth or high-frequency reads. It also does not provide caching or performance acceleration. It is generally unsuitable for terabyte-scale low-latency applications.

D) a regional bucket only stores data in one region, which might increase latency for globally distributed Compute Engine instances. It does not provide caching, and serving data repeatedly from a single region increases egress costs and reduces throughput.

Cloud CDN is therefore the only solution that meets the stated performance, caching, and cost-optimization requirements.

Question 30:

You manage a hybrid environment where on-premises workloads must reach specific Google Cloud services privately without traversing the public internet. You must restrict access to only Cloud Storage and BigQuery from on-prem systems. What should you configure?
A) Private Service Connect with specific service endpoints
B) Cloud NAT
C) VPC Peering
D) Cloud VPN without additional configuration

Answer:

A) Private Service Connect with specific service endpoints

Explanation:

Private Service Connect (PSC) is the correct answer because it provides private, restricted, service-specific access to Google APIs from on-premises or VPC networks. Now let’s analyze each choice with the required detail.

A) is correct because PSC allows you to create private endpoints for specific Google APIs such as Cloud Storage, BigQuery, Pub/Sub, and others. These endpoints receive private RFC 1918 IP addresses that you can expose to on-prem systems through Cloud Interconnect or VPN. PSC guarantees traffic never leaves Google’s network and avoids the public internet entirely. It also provides extremely granular controls, allowing you to restrict access to only the APIs you explicitly configure. Since the requirement is to allow private access only to Cloud Storage and BigQuery, PSC is ideal. It allows administrators to enforce strict API-level segmentation while maintaining private connectivity.

B) Cloud NAT cannot satisfy the requirement because Cloud NAT still routes traffic to Google APIs over public IP addresses, even though the traffic remains within Google’s infrastructure. Cloud NAT is used to provide outbound internet access for private resources, not private access to Google APIs. It also cannot selectively restrict access to specific APIs.

C) VPC Peering does not support access to Google APIs. It only connects VPC-to-VPC environments and does not influence connectivity to Google managed services. Further, peering does not provide a mechanism to restrict access to specific Google APIs, and it lacks the ability to privatize access to Google services.

D) Cloud VPN without additional configuration also routes traffic to Google APIs over public endpoints. Although encryption protects the communication, it does not privatize the Google API access path. Without Private Google Access or PSC, Cloud VPN cannot fulfill the requirement of private service-specific API access.

Therefore, Private Service Connect is the only service that provides private, restricted, service-specific connectivity and meets all requirements.

Question 31:

You deployed multiple Cloud VPN tunnels from on-premises to Google Cloud for redundancy. You observe that traffic is not failing over automatically when one tunnel goes down, causing service interruption. You need to redesign the VPN configuration to ensure automated failover with no manual route changes. What should you implement?

A) Create multiple static routes and manually adjust priorities
B) Use Cloud Router with dynamic (BGP) VPN
C) Use separate Cloud VPN gateways for each tunnel with policy-based routing
D) Configure firewall rules to force traffic to alternate tunnels

Answer:

B) Use Cloud Router with dynamic (BGP) VPN

Explanation:

The correct answer is dynamic VPN using Cloud Router because BGP handles automated failover and dynamically exchanges routes without requiring administrator intervention. Static VPN tunnels fail to provide seamless failover, making Cloud Router the appropriate solution.

A) is not suitable because static routes require priority adjustments, meaning that any failover scenario would require manual changes or custom automation on-premises. Static routing is fragile and cannot detect tunnel failure as rapidly or reliably as BGP can. It also does not scale when multiple networks or spokes are involved because static routes must be updated independently, introducing delays and potential misconfiguration.

B) is correct because Cloud Router supports BGP sessions over Cloud VPN tunnels. When a tunnel fails, BGP automatically withdraws routes associated with that tunnel and shifts traffic to the remaining healthy tunnel. This creates an active-active or active-passive failover mechanism without manual adjustments. BGP constantly exchanges route health and metrics, providing fast convergence. This completely eliminates the need for manual modifications and improves reliability. Additionally, Cloud Router scales efficiently across many networks and multi-region deployments, making it ideal for enterprise-grade connectivity.

C) policy-based routing is outdated and does not provide dynamic failover. Policy-based VPN tunnels route traffic based on defined IP policies but do not detect tunnel failure in a way that automatically redirects traffic. Many on-premises routers struggle to coordinate multiple policy-based tunnels, and this design does not integrate with Google’s recommended dynamic routing architecture.

D) firewall rules cannot control routing decisions. While firewall rules can block or allow traffic, they cannot instruct traffic to automatically shift to a different VPN tunnel. Routing decisions require routing protocols, not firewall manipulation. Attempting to use firewall rules for routing creates instability and cannot satisfy the requirement for seamless failover.

Thus, Cloud Router with dynamic BGP VPN is the only choice that delivers automated routing convergence and highly available hybrid connectivity.

Question 32:

You need to interconnect two VPC networks in Google Cloud securely while ensuring they can communicate using private IP addresses. You also need to avoid exposing any public IPs and prevent transitive routing. Which method should you choose?

A) VPC Peering
B) Cloud VPN
C) Cloud Interconnect
D) Cloud Router with custom advertisement

Answer:

A) VPC Peering

Explanation:

The correct solution is VPC Peering because it supports secure private communication between VPCs without using public IPs and it automatically prevents transitive routing. To understand why, it is important to analyze each choice.

A) is correct because VPC Peering allows two Virtual Private Cloud networks to communicate privately through internal RFC 1918 addresses without requiring public IP exposure. Peering connections are simple, low-latency, and operate over Google’s high-speed network. They automatically block transitive routing, ensuring that traffic cannot be forwarded through the peer VPC to a third network. This is often a requirement for security and compliance. Peering is also easy to configure and supports full mesh or partial mesh architectures if needed.

B) Cloud VPN encrypts traffic but still uses public IP addresses to establish the tunnel endpoints. The requirement specifically states that no public IPs should be exposed. Even though Cloud VPN traffic is encrypted, the tunnel endpoints require public addressing, making it an unsuitable choice for an entirely internal architecture. Additionally, Cloud VPN allows transitive routing under specific configurations, which contradicts the requirement to prevent it.

C) Cloud Interconnect is expensive and designed for hybrid connectivity between on-premises and Google Cloud. It is not intended for connecting two VPCs within Google Cloud. It also does not inherently prevent transitive routing because routing decisions are controlled by Cloud Router and on-premises routers, not by Interconnect itself. Therefore, it does not meet the requirement.

D) Cloud Router with custom route advertisement is useful for hybrid routing and dynamic updates, but it cannot connect two VPCs directly. Cloud Router is not a connectivity method by itself—it is a routing component used with VPN or Interconnect. It cannot provide secure intra-cloud private connectivity between VPCs.

Therefore, VPC Peering is the only method that fulfills all of the stated requirements.

Question 33:

You need to configure a multi-cluster GKE environment across two regions. Your requirement is for pods in one region to communicate with pods in another region using private RFC 1918 addresses without using any proxy or gateway. Which feature should you enable?

A) VPC Network Peering
B) Multi-cluster Services (MCS)
C) GKE Workload Identity
D) GKE Ingress

Answer:

B) Multi-cluster Services (MCS)

Explanation:

The correct answer is Multi-cluster Services because it provides cross-cluster service discovery and routing using internal IP addresses. Let’s evaluate the choices properly.

A) VPC Peering alone cannot satisfy the requirement. Although it allows private communication between networks, it does not provide service discovery, does not create cross-cluster DNS records, and does not allow direct pod-to-pod communication across clusters by default. Additional configuration such as multi-cluster routing, Shared VPC, or custom CNI overlays would be needed. Peering alone is insufficient.

B) is correct because Multi-cluster Services in Google Kubernetes Engine provide the ability to expose services across clusters located in different regions while using private IP addressing. MCS integrates with GKE’s multi-cluster networking and creates a multi-cluster DNS record that allows pods in one region to resolve services in another region. It removes the need for gateways, proxies, or manual routing solutions. When you register clusters with Fleet and enable MCS, GKE handles routing internally using Google Cloud’s VPC networking. Latency is minimized, and the system scales naturally for multi-region deployments.

C) Workload Identity is helpful for securely granting IAM permissions to workloads, but it does not enable cross-cluster networking or service discovery. It is concerned with authentication and identity, not networking.

D) GKE Ingress is used for external HTTP(S) traffic to reach services inside a cluster. It does not help pod-to-pod communication between clusters and undeniably cannot fulfill private cross-region service discovery.

Thus, Multi-cluster Services is the only proper networking solution for multi-cluster private communication.

Question 34:

You are investigating slow performance for a web application hosted behind a global external HTTP(S) load balancer. Metrics show that cache hit ratio is low at edge locations, causing repeated fetches from backend services. You want to improve caching and reduce latency significantly. What should you configure?

A) Cloud CDN with cache keys and TTL tuning
B) Dedicated Interconnect
C) Regional managed instance groups
D) Increasing VM sizes to handle more requests

Answer:

A) Cloud CDN with cache keys and TTL tuning

Explanation:

Cloud CDN with customized cache controls is the correct solution because it directly influences caching behavior at Google’s edge network. Examining each option in detail makes this clearer.

A) is correct because Cloud CDN accelerates content delivery by caching responses at Google’s global edge locations. Tuning cache keys allows you to define exactly which request attributes influence caching—for example, stripping cookies, ignoring certain headers, or customizing query parameter behavior. Adjusting TTL (Time To Live) settings also improves cache longevity and reduces unnecessary backend fetches. By optimizing cache configuration, the cache hit ratio increases, backend load decreases, and latency drops dramatically.

B) Dedicated Interconnect improves hybrid connectivity between on-premises systems and Google Cloud. It does not affect caching behavior or the global load balancer’s edge nodes. If the web application is hosted entirely in Google Cloud, Interconnect adds no benefit to internal load balancing or CDN behavior.

C) Regional managed instance groups improve backend compute scaling but do not impact CDN caching efficiency. Increasing backend capacity does not reduce the frequency of cache misses or improve global performance—clients still need to contact backend servers directly if caching is poorly configured.

D) Increasing VM sizes only adds compute power, not caching efficiency. Bigger VMs do not reduce the number of requests they must serve if caching is underperforming. This approach masks symptoms instead of solving root causes.

Thus, enabling Cloud CDN with finely tuned cache settings is the only correct solution to improve caching efficiency and reduce latency.

Question 35:

Your company wants all Compute Engine VMs to access Google APIs privately without assigning external IP addresses. However, they also want to restrict which APIs the VMs can reach to maintain strict security controls. What should you configure?

A) Private Google Access with VPC Service Controls
B) Cloud NAT
C) VPC Peering
D) Default internet gateway routes

Answer:

A) Private Google Access with VPC Service Controls

Explanation:

Private Google Access combined with VPC Service Controls is the correct solution because together they provide private API access and fine-grained security perimeter enforcement. Reviewing each alternative helps clarify this.

A) is correct because Private Google Access allows VMs without external IPs to reach Google APIs using internal IP addresses. This ensures private connectivity without internet exposure. When combined with VPC Service Controls, administrators can define service perimeters that restrict which Google APIs can be accessed. This satisfies the requirement of allowing private access while also limiting access to specific APIs. VPC Service Controls additionally block data exfiltration and ensure traffic remains inside a controlled boundary.

B) Cloud NAT provides outbound internet access but does not privatize Google API access. Traffic still flows to public API endpoints using NATed public IP addresses, violating the requirement of private internal-only access. It also cannot restrict access to specific APIs.

C) VPC Peering enables private communication between VPCs but does not provide access to Google APIs. APIs are Google-managed services and require either Private Google Access, Private Service Connect, or internet egress. Peering does not influence API routing.

D) default internet routes obviously expose traffic to the public internet, violating the requirement that VMs must not use external IPs for API access. It also lacks any mechanism to restrict which APIs are reachable.

Therefore, Private Google Access with VPC Service Controls is the only configuration that meets all private-access and security-restriction requirements.

Question 36:

You are designing a hybrid cloud solution where on-premises users need low-latency access to Google Cloud workloads. You require private connectivity with high throughput and SLA-backed availability. Which service should you choose?

A) Cloud VPN
B) Dedicated Interconnect
C) Partner Interconnect
D) Cloud NAT

Answer:

B) Dedicated Interconnect

Explanation:

A) Cloud VPN provides encrypted tunnels over the public internet. It ensures data security but cannot guarantee low latency or consistent throughput, as internet traffic may experience congestion or jitter. It is suitable for small-scale or backup connectivity but is insufficient for high-performance, SLA-backed requirements.

B) Dedicated Interconnect is the correct choice because it establishes a direct physical connection from on-premises to Google Cloud. It delivers high bandwidth, low latency, and enterprise-grade SLA-backed availability. Traffic remains on Google’s private network, avoiding the public internet, which reduces security risks and latency variability. It supports multi-gigabit links and redundant connections, providing high reliability for mission-critical workloads.

C) Partner Interconnect allows private connectivity via a service provider. It is suitable when Dedicated Interconnect is unavailable but may have slightly higher latency and limited bandwidth depending on the provider. SLA guarantees are often lower than Dedicated Interconnect, making it less ideal for strict performance needs.

D) Cloud NAT enables private VMs to access the internet without external IPs but does not provide a private link from on-premises to Google Cloud. It cannot ensure low-latency, high-throughput connectivity and is therefore unsuitable for hybrid workloads requiring direct, private paths.

Question 37:

You want to encrypt data in transit between two VPC networks in different regions while keeping communication private. Which solution is most appropriate?
A) VPC Peering
B) Cloud VPN
C) Shared VPC
D) Internal Load Balancer

Answer:

B) Cloud VPN

Explanation:

A) VPC Peering allows private IP communication between two VPC networks but does not provide encryption. Traffic remains internal to Google’s network, but it is not encrypted, which may not meet security compliance requirements for sensitive data.

B) Cloud VPN is the correct solution. It provides IPsec-encrypted tunnels over private or public links, ensuring data is secured in transit. Dynamic routing with Cloud Router enables high availability and automated failover. Cloud VPN can also connect multiple regions or on-premises networks securely, maintaining privacy and encryption simultaneously.

C) Shared VPC allows multiple projects to share a common VPC, enabling private communication between resources. While it centralizes network management, it does not provide encryption between regions. Communication remains internal, but data is unencrypted unless combined with VPN or other encryption methods.

D) Internal Load Balancer provides private access within a VPC or region, distributing traffic internally. It does not encrypt traffic and is limited to regional communication. It cannot span regions for encrypted private connectivity.

Cloud VPN is the only option providing encrypted, private communication between VPCs across regions.

Question 38:

You need to monitor egress traffic from a VPC to understand application bandwidth usage and detect anomalies. Which service should you enable?

A) Cloud Logging
B) VPC Flow Logs
C) Cloud Monitoring
D) Firewall Logging

Answer:

B) VPC Flow Logs

Explanation:

A) Cloud Logging stores logs from various Google Cloud services but does not inherently provide detailed network flow metadata, such as packet counts or source/destination IPs.

B) VPC Flow Logs is the correct choice. It captures metadata for all ingress and egress traffic at the subnet level, including source/destination IPs, ports, protocol, bytes, and packets. This data can be exported to BigQuery or Cloud Storage for advanced analysis, anomaly detection, and monitoring trends in bandwidth usage. It provides visibility into network patterns and is essential for performance troubleshooting or security investigations.

C) Cloud Monitoring collects metrics from services and VMs but relies on logs or agents for detailed network traffic. Alone, it does not provide per-flow metadata needed to analyze egress traffic patterns.

D) Firewall Logging captures only allowed or denied packets based on firewall rules. While helpful for auditing, it does not provide complete visibility into all network flows and cannot measure overall bandwidth usage or detect unexpected traffic patterns.

VPC Flow Logs are therefore the appropriate choice for monitoring, analyzing, and detecting anomalies in VPC egress traffic.

Question 39:

You want to reduce latency and egress costs for frequently accessed content hosted in Cloud Storage globally. Which feature should you enable?
A) Cloud CDN
B) Regional bucket
C) Cloud Storage FUSE
D) Internal Load Balancer

Answer:

A) Cloud CDN

Explanation:

A) Cloud CDN is correct because it caches content at Google’s edge locations worldwide. Frequently accessed objects are served directly from the nearest edge, reducing latency and egress costs. Cache behavior can be tuned using TTLs and cache keys for optimal performance.

B) Regional buckets provide data locality within a region, which may improve access speed for local users but do not reduce latency for global clients. They also do not provide edge caching or egress cost reductions.

C) Cloud Storage FUSE allows mounting buckets as a filesystem for VMs, but it does not cache content at edges. Repeated access still fetches data from the bucket, increasing latency and egress.

D) Internal Load Balancer distributes traffic within a VPC but cannot serve Cloud Storage objects or provide global caching. It is limited to internal VM-to-VM traffic.

Cloud CDN is the only service designed to improve global access performance and reduce egress for frequently accessed content.

Question 40:

Your company wants all Compute Engine VMs to access Google APIs privately without assigning external IP addresses. You also need to restrict which APIs are accessible to enhance security. What should you configure?

A) Private Google Access with VPC Service Controls
B) Cloud NAT
C) VPC Peering
D) Default internet gateway routes

Answer:

A) Private Google Access with VPC Service Controls

Explanation:

A) is correct because Private Google Access allows VMs without external IPs to reach Google APIs over internal IPs. Combined with VPC Service Controls, administrators can define perimeters that restrict which APIs are accessible, ensuring private connectivity and compliance.

B) Cloud NAT provides internet access for private VMs but exposes traffic to public IPs and cannot restrict API access.

C) VPC Peering enables private connectivity between VPCs but does not provide private access to Google-managed APIs.

D) Default internet gateway routes allow outbound traffic over public IPs, exposing VMs and failing to restrict API access.

Private Google Access with VPC Service Controls is the only solution that ensures both private connectivity and API-level access control.