Google Professional Cloud Network Engineer Exam Dumps and Practice Test Questions Set9 Q161-180

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Question 161:

You are designing a multi-region hybrid cloud network connecting multiple on-premises data centers to Google Cloud. The solution must provide encrypted communication, high availability, and dynamic routing, and should allow future site expansion without complex reconfiguration. Which solution is most appropriate?

A) Cloud VPN with static routes
B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP)
C) Dedicated Interconnect without Cloud Router
D) VPC Peering

Answer:

B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP)

Explanation:

A) Cloud VPN with static routes provides secure communication between on-premises networks and Google Cloud using IPsec tunnels. While secure, static routes require manual configuration for each network and site. If a tunnel fails, administrators must manually update routes to redirect traffic, which increases the risk of downtime. Adding new sites further increases operational overhead, as each site requires careful route configuration. This approach is suitable only for small-scale deployments and does not support automatic failover or dynamic routing, making it unsuitable for large enterprise networks.

B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP) is correct. This solution combines encrypted IPsec tunnels with dynamic routing using BGP. Routes are automatically advertised and learned between Google Cloud and on-premises networks. In case of a tunnel failure, BGP withdraws affected routes and reroutes traffic through healthy tunnels automatically, ensuring high availability. Multiple tunnels can provide redundancy, and adding new sites is straightforward because BGP dynamically propagates routes without manual intervention. Cloud Router also integrates with monitoring tools, providing visibility into tunnel health, route updates, and anomalies. This approach scales efficiently for multi-region hybrid networks and reduces operational complexity while maintaining secure, reliable, and highly available connectivity.

C) Dedicated Interconnect provides high bandwidth and low latency but lacks native encryption. Without Cloud Router, it relies on static routing and manual failover, which does not satisfy the requirements for dynamic routing or multi-site expansion. Adding IPsec for encryption increases complexity and operational overhead.

D) VPC Peering allows private connectivity between VPCs but cannot connect on-premises networks. It does not provide encryption, dynamic routing, or automated failover, making it unsuitable for hybrid cloud deployments.

Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP) is the optimal solution for secure, scalable, and highly available hybrid cloud networks, especially for enterprises needing future site expansion.

Question 162:

You need to enforce centralized security policies across multiple VPCs and projects. Project-level administrators must not be able to override ingress and egress rules. Which solution should you implement?

A) Individual VPC firewall rules with IAM restrictions
B) Hierarchical firewall policies
C) Cloud Armor
D) VPC Service Controls

Answer:

B) Hierarchical firewall policies

Explanation:

A) Individual VPC firewall rules with IAM restrictions allow administrators to control who can modify rules at the project level. While it provides limited access control, this approach does not enable centralized enforcement across multiple VPCs or projects. Conflicts may occur between rules defined in different projects, making it difficult to maintain a consistent security posture. In large organizations, auditing and compliance become more challenging.

B) Hierarchical firewall policies are correct. They allow administrators to define rules at the organization or folder level that automatically propagate to all child projects and VPCs. Project-level administrators cannot override these rules, ensuring consistent enforcement of ingress and egress policies across the enterprise. Centralized policy management reduces administrative overhead, simplifies auditing, and ensures regulatory compliance. These policies scale efficiently and cover both internal and external traffic. Logging and monitoring integration provides visibility into enforcement, enabling proactive identification of misconfigurations or policy violations. Hierarchical firewall policies are especially valuable in large, multi-project environments, where security consistency and operational efficiency are critical.

C) Cloud Armor protects applications at Layer 7 from DDoS attacks and filters HTTP(S) traffic. It does not enforce network-level policies across multiple VPCs or projects.

D) VPC Service Controls provide security perimeters around Google-managed services to prevent data exfiltration. While useful for controlling access to managed services, they do not enforce general ingress or egress rules across multiple VPCs.

Hierarchical firewall policies provide a scalable, centralized, and non-overridable solution for enforcing consistent network security policies, supporting both operational efficiency and regulatory compliance.

Question 163:

You need full network visibility across multiple VPCs to detect anomalies, optimize performance, and support forensic investigations. Which solution provides comprehensive flow-level visibility and centralized analysis?

A) Firewall logging
B) Cloud Logging
C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery
D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer metrics

Answer:

C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery

Explanation:

A) Firewall logging captures traffic that is allowed or denied based on firewall rules. While useful for auditing and policy verification, it provides only partial visibility into network flows. Important metadata such as source and destination IP addresses, ports, protocols, packet counts, and bytes transferred are limited or missing. This makes it insufficient for anomaly detection, performance optimization, or forensic investigation across multiple VPCs.

B) Cloud Logging aggregates logs from multiple Google Cloud services. While it provides general observability and auditing, it does not capture detailed network flow-level metadata. Without this level of detail, Cloud Logging alone cannot support advanced anomaly detection, performance tuning, or security investigations at enterprise scale.

C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery are correct. Flow Logs provide metadata for all ingress and egress traffic at the subnet level, including source and destination IPs, ports, protocols, packet counts, and bytes transferred. Exporting Flow Logs to BigQuery enables scalable querying and analysis for anomaly detection, traffic pattern analysis, performance optimization, and forensic investigations. Security teams can detect unauthorized access, suspicious activity, and potential data exfiltration. Operations teams can identify bottlenecks, optimize routing, and troubleshoot network performance issues. Integration with Cloud Monitoring provides dashboards and real-time alerts. VPC Flow Logs provide centralized, queryable, and actionable network visibility across multiple VPCs and projects, supporting operational efficiency, security compliance, and proactive incident response.

D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer metrics provide limited insight into traffic handled by specific backends. They do not provide full flow-level metadata, making them insufficient for enterprise-scale monitoring and investigation.

VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery is the most comprehensive solution for enterprise-level network visibility, security, and operational management.

Question 164:

You are designing a global web application that requires a single public IP, routing users to the nearest healthy backend, caching static content at the edge, and providing automatic failover across regions. Which load balancer should you implement?

A) Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
C) Network Load Balancer
D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer

Answer:

B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer

Explanation:

A) Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer operates within a single region. While it can integrate with Cloud CDN for caching, it cannot provide a global anycast IP, automatic cross-region failover, or routing to the nearest healthy backend globally. This makes it unsuitable for worldwide applications requiring low latency and high availability.

B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer is correct. It provides a single global anycast IP address, routing users to the nearest healthy backend automatically. Integration with Cloud CDN caches static content at the edge, reducing latency and improving performance. Automatic failover ensures high availability if a backend or region becomes unhealthy. Additional features include SSL termination, path-based routing, intelligent Layer 7 traffic management, logging, and monitoring. This load balancer is ideal for globally distributed web applications requiring low latency, scalability, and high availability.

C) Network Load Balancer operates at Layer 4 and is regional. It cannot provide global reach, edge caching, or automatic failover. It is suitable for high-throughput regional workloads but not for global applications.

D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer is intended for private internal traffic. It cannot provide public access, caching, or cross-region failover, making it unsuitable for global web applications.

Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer meets all requirements for worldwide applications, ensuring high performance, low latency, and global scalability.

Question 165:

You are building a hybrid cloud environment where on-premises workloads require private access to selected Google Cloud APIs without using public IPs. Which solution should you implement?

A) Cloud NAT
B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints
C) Default internet gateway
D) VPC Peering

Answer:

B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints

Explanation:

A) Cloud NAT allows private VMs to access the internet without public IPs. However, traffic still reaches public API endpoints and cannot be restricted to specific APIs, which does not satisfy security and compliance requirements for private API access.

B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints is correct. It enables private access to selected Google Cloud APIs using internal IP addresses. Administrators can define which APIs workloads can access, ensuring secure, controlled, and compliant access. Traffic remains entirely within Google’s private network, avoiding exposure to the public internet. Private Service Connect scales across multiple projects and VPCs and integrates with Cloud VPN or Dedicated Interconnect for hybrid deployments. Logging and monitoring provide auditability and visibility into API usage. This approach ensures private, secure, and restricted API access for hybrid cloud workloads.

C) The default internet gateway routes all traffic from VMs through public IP addresses, exposing it to the public internet and preventing enforcement of private API access requirements. It cannot restrict access to specific Google-managed APIs or external services, creating security, privacy, and compliance risks. Enterprises needing private, controlled, and secure API access must instead use solutions like Private Google Access, Private Service Connect, or hybrid networking with Cloud VPN and Cloud Router. These alternatives ensure traffic remains within private networks, supports API-level restrictions, and meets enterprise security and regulatory requirements.

D) VPC Peering provides private connectivity between VPCs, allowing workloads to communicate securely without traversing the public internet. However, it cannot provide private access to Google-managed APIs such as Cloud Storage, BigQuery, or Pub/Sub, nor can it enforce API-level restrictions or service-specific access controls. Peering is purely a network-level connection and does not include mechanisms for API security or granular service permissions. For enterprises requiring controlled, compliant, and private access to Google APIs, solutions such as Private Service Connect or VPC Service Controls are necessary to complement VPC Peering and ensure secure service-to-service communication across projects and VPCs.

Private Service Connect with specific endpoints is the only solution that ensures secure, private, and controlled API access in hybrid cloud environments.

Question 166:

You are designing a hybrid cloud network that must connect multiple on-premises sites to Google Cloud with high availability, encrypted communication, and dynamic routing. You also need to ensure the network can scale easily as new sites are added. Which solution is most appropriate?

A) Cloud VPN with static routes
B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP)
C) Dedicated Interconnect without Cloud Router
D) VPC Peering

Answer:

B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP)

Explanation:

A) Cloud VPN with static routes provides secure IPsec tunnels between on-premises and Google Cloud. While secure, static routes must be manually configured, which makes adding new sites and handling failover complex. If a tunnel fails, administrators must update routes manually to reroute traffic, increasing the risk of downtime. For multi-site, enterprise-scale networks, this approach is operationally heavy and does not scale efficiently.

B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP) is correct. This solution combines encrypted IPsec tunnels with dynamic routing via BGP. Routes are automatically advertised and learned between Google Cloud and on-premises networks, eliminating the need for manual route configuration. If a tunnel fails, BGP withdraws affected routes and automatically reroutes traffic through healthy tunnels, ensuring high availability. Multiple tunnels can be provisioned for redundancy, and adding new sites is straightforward since routes propagate dynamically. Cloud Router integrates with monitoring tools, providing visibility into tunnel health, route updates, and anomalies. This combination ensures secure, highly available, and scalable hybrid cloud connectivity, making it the optimal solution for enterprises that plan to expand their network footprint over time.

C) Dedicated Interconnect provides high bandwidth and low latency but lacks native encryption. Without Cloud Router, it relies on static routing and manual failover, which is not suitable for dynamic multi-site networks. Adding encryption and routing capabilities manually increases operational complexity.

D) VPC Peering provides private connectivity between VPCs but cannot connect on-premises sites. It does not support encryption, dynamic routing, or automated failover, making it unsuitable for hybrid cloud deployments.

Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP) offers the best combination of security, scalability, high availability, and operational simplicity for multi-site hybrid cloud networks.

Question 167:

You are responsible for enforcing consistent network security policies across multiple projects and VPCs. Project-level administrators should not be able to override these policies. Which solution should you use?

A) Individual VPC firewall rules with IAM restrictions
B) Hierarchical firewall policies
C) Cloud Armor
D) VPC Service Controls

Answer:

B) Hierarchical firewall policies

Explanation:

A) Individual VPC firewall rules with IAM restrictions allow project-level control over who can modify firewall rules. While this provides some administrative control, it does not ensure centralized enforcement. In large organizations with multiple projects, maintaining consistent policies across VPCs is challenging, and conflicts can occur between rules defined at different levels. Auditing and compliance are also difficult under this approach.

B) Hierarchical firewall policies are correct. These policies allow administrators to define rules at the organization or folder level, which automatically propagate to all child projects and VPCs. Project administrators cannot override these rules, ensuring consistent enforcement of ingress and egress policies across the enterprise. Centralized policy management reduces operational overhead, simplifies auditing, and ensures compliance with regulatory requirements. Hierarchical firewall policies scale efficiently, covering both internal and external traffic. Logging and monitoring integration enables visibility into policy enforcement, making it easier to detect and correct misconfigurations or potential security violations. This solution ensures a consistent security posture while minimizing operational complexity in large, multi-project environments.

C) Cloud Armor protects applications at Layer 7 from DDoS attacks and HTTP(S) traffic threats. While useful for application-level security, it does not enforce organization-wide network-level security policies across VPCs.

D) VPC Service Controls provide security perimeters around Google-managed services to prevent data exfiltration. While important for service-level security, they do not enforce general ingress or egress rules across multiple VPCs or projects.

Hierarchical firewall policies are the most effective solution for centralized, non-overridable, and scalable network security enforcement across multiple projects and VPCs.

Question 168:

You need comprehensive network visibility across multiple VPCs to detect anomalies, optimize performance, and support forensic investigations. Which solution provides detailed flow-level visibility and centralized analysis?

A) Firewall logging
B) Cloud Logging
C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery
D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer metrics

Answer:

C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery

Explanation:

A) Firewall logging captures allowed or denied traffic per firewall rule. While useful for auditing firewall enforcement, it provides only partial network visibility. Metadata such as source and destination IP addresses, ports, protocols, packet counts, and bytes transferred are limited, making it insufficient for detecting anomalies, optimizing network performance, or conducting forensic investigations across multiple VPCs.

B) Cloud Logging aggregates logs from multiple Google Cloud services, providing general observability and auditing capabilities. However, it does not capture detailed flow-level network metadata necessary for comprehensive operational or security analysis at the enterprise scale.

C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery are correct. Flow Logs provide detailed metadata for all ingress and egress traffic at the subnet level, including IP addresses, ports, protocols, packet counts, and bytes transferred. Exporting Flow Logs to BigQuery enables scalable querying and analysis, supporting anomaly detection, traffic pattern analysis, performance optimization, and forensic investigations. Security teams can detect unauthorized access, unusual activity, and potential data exfiltration. Operations teams can identify network bottlenecks, optimize routing, and troubleshoot performance issues. Integration with Cloud Monitoring allows real-time dashboards and alerts. VPC Flow Logs provide centralized, queryable, and actionable visibility across multiple VPCs and projects, supporting both operational efficiency and regulatory compliance.

D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer metrics provide insights into traffic at specific backends but do not capture complete flow-level metadata. They are insufficient for enterprise-scale monitoring or detailed security investigations.

VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery is the most comprehensive solution for detailed, centralized network visibility and management across multiple VPCs.

Question 169:

You are designing a global web application that requires a single public IP, routing users to the nearest healthy backend, caching static content at the edge, and automatic failover across regions. Which load balancer should you implement?

A) Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
C) Network Load Balancer
D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer

Answer:

B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer

Explanation:

A) Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer operates within a single region. While it supports Cloud CDN for caching, it cannot provide a global anycast IP, automatic failover across regions, or routing to the nearest healthy backend. It is therefore unsuitable for globally distributed applications requiring low latency and high availability.

B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer is correct. It provides a single global anycast IP address, automatically routing users to the nearest healthy backend. Integration with Cloud CDN caches static content at the edge, improving performance and reducing latency. Automatic failover ensures high availability if a backend or region becomes unhealthy. Additional features include SSL termination, path-based routing, intelligent Layer 7 traffic management, logging, and monitoring. This load balancer is ideal for globally distributed applications requiring low latency, scalability, and high availability.

C) Network Load Balancer operates at Layer 4 and is regional. It cannot provide global reach, edge caching, or automatic failover. It is suitable for regional high-throughput workloads but not global applications.

D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer is designed for private internal traffic. It cannot provide public access, edge caching, or cross-region failover, making it unsuitable for global web applications.

Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer meets all requirements for worldwide applications, ensuring high performance, low latency, and global availability.

Question 170:

You are building a hybrid cloud architecture where on-premises workloads require private access to selected Google Cloud APIs without using public IPs. Which solution should you implement?

A) Cloud NAT
B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints
C) Default internet gateway
D) VPC Peering

Answer:

B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints

Explanation:

A) Cloud NAT allows private VMs to access the internet without public IPs, but traffic still reaches public API endpoints. It cannot restrict access to specific APIs, which does not meet security or compliance requirements for private API access.

B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints is correct. This solution enables private access to selected Google Cloud APIs using internal IP addresses. Administrators can define which APIs workloads can access, ensuring secure, controlled, and compliant access. Traffic remains entirely within Google’s private network, avoiding public internet exposure. Private Service Connect scales across multiple projects and VPCs and can integrate with Cloud VPN or Dedicated Interconnect for hybrid deployments. Logging and monitoring provide visibility and auditability of API usage. This approach ensures secure, private, and restricted API access for hybrid cloud workloads, supporting enterprise compliance requirements.

C) Default internet gateway routes traffic via public IPs, violating the requirement for private API access and cannot restrict access to specific APIs.

D) VPC Peering provides private connectivity between VPCs but cannot enforce API-level restrictions or connect to Google-managed APIs securely.

Private Service Connect is the only solution that guarantees secure, private, and controlled API access for hybrid cloud workloads.

Question 171:

You are designing a multi-region hybrid cloud network connecting multiple on-premises sites to Google Cloud. The solution must provide encrypted communication, high availability, and dynamic routing. It should also allow seamless addition of future sites. Which solution is most appropriate?

A) Cloud VPN with static routes
B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP)
C) Dedicated Interconnect without Cloud Router
D) VPC Peering

Answer:

B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP)

Explanation:

A) Cloud VPN with static routes establishes encrypted IPsec tunnels between on-premises networks and Google Cloud. While secure, it relies on manually configured routes. Failover requires updating routes manually, and adding new sites increases operational complexity. For multi-site enterprise networks, this approach is difficult to scale, error-prone, and requires constant maintenance.

B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP) is correct. Combining IPsec tunnels with dynamic routing via BGP allows automatic propagation and learning of routes between Google Cloud and on-premises sites. If a tunnel fails, BGP withdraws affected routes and reroutes traffic through healthy tunnels, ensuring high availability. Multiple tunnels can be provisioned for redundancy, further increasing fault tolerance. Adding new sites is seamless since BGP propagates routes dynamically without manual intervention. Cloud Router also integrates with monitoring tools for visibility into tunnel health, route changes, and anomalies. This combination ensures secure, highly available, and scalable hybrid cloud connectivity, making it ideal for enterprise networks anticipating future growth.

C) Dedicated Interconnect provides high bandwidth and low latency but lacks native encryption. Without Cloud Router, it requires static routes and manual failover, which does not satisfy the requirement for dynamic routing or easy expansion. Implementing IPsec for encryption adds complexity.

D) VPC Peering allows private connectivity between VPCs but cannot connect on-premises sites. It does not support encryption, dynamic routing, or automated failover, making it unsuitable for hybrid cloud deployments.

Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP) offers the best combination of security, scalability, and high availability for multi-site hybrid networks, ensuring operational efficiency and simplified management.

Question 172:

You are responsible for enforcing consistent network security policies across multiple projects and VPCs. Project-level administrators must not be able to override these policies. Which solution should you implement?

A) Individual VPC firewall rules with IAM restrictions
B) Hierarchical firewall policies
C) Cloud Armor
D) VPC Service Controls

Answer:

B) Hierarchical firewall policies

Explanation:

A) Individual VPC firewall rules with IAM restrictions allow project-level administrators to control who can modify firewall rules. While this approach provides some access control, it does not ensure centralized policy enforcement across multiple projects. Conflicts between rules in different projects are possible, making it difficult to maintain a consistent security posture. Auditing and compliance become complex in large organizations.

B) Hierarchical firewall policies are correct. They enable administrators to define policies at the organization or folder level, which automatically propagate to all child projects and VPCs. Project-level administrators cannot override these rules, ensuring consistent ingress and egress enforcement across the enterprise. Centralized management reduces administrative overhead, simplifies auditing, and maintains compliance with regulatory requirements. Hierarchical firewall policies scale efficiently across internal and external traffic. Logging and monitoring integration allows visibility into enforcement, enabling proactive detection of misconfigurations or security violations. This solution ensures consistent security enforcement in large, multi-project environments while supporting operational efficiency and regulatory compliance.

C) Cloud Armor protects applications at Layer 7 from DDoS attacks and filters HTTP(S) traffic. It does not enforce network-level policies across multiple VPCs or projects.

D) VPC Service Controls provide security perimeters around Google-managed services to prevent data exfiltration. While useful for protecting services, they do not enforce general ingress or egress policies across multiple VPCs or projects.

Hierarchical firewall policies provide a scalable, centralized, and non-overridable approach for enforcing consistent network security policies across an organization.

Question 173:

You need detailed network visibility across multiple VPCs to detect anomalies, optimize performance, and support forensic investigations. Which solution provides comprehensive flow-level visibility and centralized analysis?

A) Firewall logging
B) Cloud Logging
C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery
D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer metrics

Answer:

C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery

Explanation:

A) Firewall logging records allowed or denied traffic per firewall rule. While useful for auditing, it only provides partial visibility into network flows and limited metadata, such as packet counts or bytes transferred. It is insufficient for anomaly detection, performance optimization, and forensic investigation across multiple VPCs.

B) Cloud Logging aggregates logs from multiple Google Cloud services and provides general observability. It does not capture detailed flow-level metadata needed for comprehensive operational or security analysis. Without flow-level data, it cannot support enterprise-scale anomaly detection or network troubleshooting.

C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery are correct. Flow Logs provide metadata for all ingress and egress traffic at the subnet level, including source and destination IPs, ports, protocols, packet counts, and bytes transferred. Exporting logs to BigQuery enables scalable querying and analysis for anomaly detection, traffic pattern analysis, performance optimization, and forensic investigations. Security teams can detect unauthorized access, suspicious activity, or potential data exfiltration. Operations teams can identify bottlenecks, optimize routing, and troubleshoot network performance. Integration with Cloud Monitoring provides dashboards and real-time alerts. VPC Flow Logs deliver centralized, queryable, and actionable network visibility across multiple VPCs and projects, supporting operational efficiency, security compliance, and proactive incident response.

D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer metrics provide insights into traffic for specific backends but do not capture complete flow-level metadata, making them insufficient for enterprise-scale monitoring or forensic analysis.

VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery is the most comprehensive solution for network visibility and operational management across multiple VPCs.

Question 174:

You are designing a global web application requiring a single public IP, routing users to the nearest healthy backend, caching static content at the edge, and automatic failover across regions. Which load balancer should you implement?

A) Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
C) Network Load Balancer
D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer

Answer:

B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer

Explanation:

A) Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer operates within a single region. It cannot provide a global anycast IP, route users to the nearest healthy backend globally, or perform automatic cross-region failover. While it can integrate with Cloud CDN, it is limited in scalability and unsuitable for globally distributed applications.

B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer is correct. It provides a single global anycast IP address, automatically routing users to the nearest healthy backend. Cloud CDN integration enables caching of static content at the edge, reducing latency and improving performance. Automatic failover ensures high availability if a backend or region becomes unhealthy. Additional features include SSL termination, path-based routing, intelligent Layer 7 traffic management, logging, and monitoring. This load balancer is ideal for globally distributed web applications requiring low latency, scalability, and high availability.

C) Network Load Balancer operates at Layer 4 and is regional. It cannot provide global reach, edge caching, or cross-region failover. It is suitable for high-throughput regional workloads but not global applications.

D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer is designed for private internal traffic. It cannot provide public access, edge caching, or cross-region failover, making it unsuitable for global web applications.

Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer meets all requirements for worldwide applications, ensuring low latency, high availability, and scalability.

Question 175:

You are building a hybrid cloud environment where on-premises workloads require private access to selected Google Cloud APIs without using public IPs. Which solution should you implement?

A) Cloud NAT
B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints
C) Default internet gateway
D) VPC Peering

Answer:

B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints

Explanation:

A) Cloud NAT allows private VMs to access the internet without public IPs, but traffic still reaches public API endpoints. It cannot restrict access to specific APIs, failing the requirement for private, secure API access.

B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints is correct. It provides private access to selected Google Cloud APIs using internal IP addresses. Administrators can control which APIs workloads can access, ensuring secure, restricted, and compliant access. Traffic remains entirely within Google’s private network, avoiding exposure to the public internet. Private Service Connect scales across multiple projects and VPCs and integrates with Cloud VPN or Dedicated Interconnect for hybrid deployments. Logging and monitoring provide visibility and auditability of API access. This ensures secure, private, and restricted API access for hybrid cloud workloads.

C) Default internet gateway routes traffic via public IPs, violating private API access requirements and cannot restrict access to specific APIs.

D) VPC Peering provides private connectivity between VPCs but cannot enforce API-level restrictions or connect securely to Google-managed APIs.

Private Service Connect with specific endpoints is the only solution that guarantees secure, private, and controlled API access in a hybrid cloud environment.

Question 176:

You are tasked with designing a secure hybrid cloud network connecting multiple on-premises sites to Google Cloud. The solution must provide encrypted communication, high availability, dynamic routing, and easy expansion for future sites. Which solution is most appropriate?

A) Cloud VPN with static routes
B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP)
C) Dedicated Interconnect without Cloud Router
D) VPC Peering

Answer:

B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP)

Explanation:

A) Cloud VPN with static routes provides encrypted communication between on-premises networks and Google Cloud using IPsec tunnels. However, it relies on manually configured routes for each site. If a tunnel fails, administrators must manually update routes, which introduces risk and increases operational complexity. Adding new sites requires manual configuration, making it less scalable for multi-site deployments.

B) Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP) is correct. This solution combines encrypted IPsec tunnels with dynamic routing via BGP. Routes are automatically advertised and learned between Google Cloud and on-premises networks. If a tunnel fails, BGP withdraws affected routes and reroutes traffic through healthy tunnels, ensuring high availability. Multiple tunnels provide redundancy, and adding new sites is seamless because BGP dynamically propagates routes without manual intervention. Cloud Router integrates with monitoring tools for visibility into tunnel health, route updates, and anomalies. This design provides a secure, scalable, and highly available hybrid cloud network, ideal for enterprise growth and operational simplicity.

C) Dedicated Interconnect provides high bandwidth and low latency but lacks native encryption. Without Cloud Router, it relies on static routing and manual failover, which does not meet the dynamic routing or multi-site expansion requirements. Implementing IPsec for encryption adds additional complexity.

D) VPC Peering allows private connectivity between VPCs but cannot connect on-premises networks. It does not support encryption, dynamic routing, or automated failover, making it unsuitable for hybrid cloud deployments.

Cloud VPN with Cloud Router (BGP) provides the best combination of security, scalability, high availability, and operational simplicity for multi-site hybrid networks.

Question 177:

You are responsible for enforcing centralized network security policies across multiple projects and VPCs. Project-level administrators must not be able to override these policies. Which solution should you implement?

A) Individual VPC firewall rules with IAM restrictions
B) Hierarchical firewall policies
C) Cloud Armor
D) VPC Service Controls

Answer:

B) Hierarchical firewall policies

Explanation:

A) Individual VPC firewall rules with IAM restrictions allow administrators to control who can modify firewall rules at the project level. While useful, it does not provide centralized enforcement across multiple VPCs and projects. Conflicts may arise, and maintaining consistency across large organizations is challenging. Auditing and regulatory compliance are more difficult under this approach.

B) Hierarchical firewall policies are correct. Policies defined at the organization or folder level propagate automatically to all child projects and VPCs. Project-level administrators cannot override these rules, ensuring consistent enforcement of ingress and egress traffic across the enterprise. Centralized management reduces administrative overhead, simplifies auditing, and maintains regulatory compliance. Hierarchical firewall policies scale efficiently across internal and external traffic. Logging and monitoring integration allows visibility into enforcement, enabling proactive detection of misconfigurations or security violations. This solution ensures consistent security enforcement while supporting operational efficiency and compliance across large organizations.

C) Cloud Armor protects applications at Layer 7 from DDoS attacks and HTTP(S) traffic threats. It does not enforce organization-wide network-level security policies.

D) VPC Service Controls provide security perimeters around Google-managed services but do not enforce general ingress or egress rules across multiple VPCs or projects.

Hierarchical firewall policies offer centralized, non-overridable, and scalable network security enforcement across multiple projects and VPCs.

Question 178:

You need comprehensive network visibility across multiple VPCs to detect anomalies, optimize performance, and support forensic investigations. Which solution provides detailed flow-level visibility and centralized analysis?

A) Firewall logging
B) Cloud Logging
C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery
D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer metrics

Answer:

C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery

Explanation:

A) Firewall logging captures traffic allowed or denied per firewall rule. While useful for auditing, it provides partial network visibility and limited metadata, making it insufficient for detecting anomalies, optimizing performance, or conducting forensic investigations across multiple VPCs.

B) Cloud Logging aggregates logs from multiple Google Cloud services, providing general observability. It does not capture detailed flow-level metadata required for enterprise-scale security and operational analysis.

C) VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery are correct. Flow Logs capture metadata for all ingress and egress traffic at the subnet level, including source and destination IPs, ports, protocols, packet counts, and bytes transferred. Exporting to BigQuery enables scalable querying, anomaly detection, traffic pattern analysis, performance optimization, and forensic investigation. Security teams can detect unauthorized access, suspicious activity, and potential data exfiltration. Operations teams can identify bottlenecks, optimize routing, and troubleshoot network issues. Integration with Cloud Monitoring allows dashboards and real-time alerts. VPC Flow Logs provide centralized, queryable, and actionable network visibility across multiple VPCs and projects, supporting operational efficiency, security compliance, and proactive incident response.

D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer metrics provide insight into backend traffic but do not capture complete flow-level metadata, making them insufficient for enterprise-scale monitoring or forensic investigations.

VPC Flow Logs exported to BigQuery is the most comprehensive solution for network visibility, performance management, and security monitoring.

Question 179:

You are designing a global web application that requires a single public IP, routing users to the nearest healthy backend, caching static content at the edge, and automatic failover across regions. Which load balancer should you implement?

A) Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
C) Network Load Balancer
D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer

Answer:

B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer

Explanation:

A) Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer operates within a single region and cannot provide a global anycast IP or cross-region automatic failover. While it integrates with Cloud CDN for caching, it is unsuitable for globally distributed applications requiring low latency and high availability.

B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer is correct. It provides a single global anycast IP address and automatically routes users to the nearest healthy backend. Integration with Cloud CDN caches static content at the edge, improving performance and reducing latency. Automatic failover ensures high availability if a backend or region becomes unhealthy. Additional features include SSL termination, path-based routing, Layer 7 traffic intelligence, logging, and monitoring. This load balancer is ideal for globally distributed web applications requiring scalability, low latency, and high availability.

C) Network Load Balancer operates at Layer 4 and is regional. It cannot provide global reach, edge caching, or cross-region failover, making it unsuitable for global applications.

D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer is designed for private internal traffic and cannot provide public access, edge caching, or cross-region failover.

Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer satisfies all requirements for worldwide applications, ensuring low latency, high availability, and scalability.

Question 180:

You are building a hybrid cloud environment where on-premises workloads require private access to selected Google Cloud APIs without using public IPs. Which solution should you implement?

A) Cloud NAT
B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints
C) Default internet gateway
D) VPC Peering

Answer:

B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints

Explanation:

A) Cloud NAT allows private VMs to access the internet without public IPs, but traffic still reaches public API endpoints. It cannot restrict access to specific APIs, failing the requirement for private, secure API access.

B) Private Service Connect with specific endpoints is correct. This solution enables private access to selected Google Cloud APIs using internal IP addresses. Administrators can define which APIs workloads can access, ensuring secure, controlled, and compliant access. Traffic remains entirely within Google’s private network, avoiding exposure to the public internet. Private Service Connect scales across multiple projects and VPCs and integrates with Cloud VPN or Dedicated Interconnect for hybrid deployments. Logging and monitoring provide visibility and auditability of API access. This solution ensures private, secure, and restricted API access for hybrid cloud workloads, meeting enterprise compliance requirements.

C) Default internet gateway routes traffic via public IPs, violating private API access requirements and cannot restrict access to specific APIs.

D) VPC Peering provides private connectivity between VPCs but cannot enforce API-level restrictions or connect securely to Google-managed APIs.

Private Service Connect with specific endpoints is the only solution that guarantees secure, private, and controlled API access in a hybrid cloud environment.