Cisco 350-401 Implementing Cisco Enterprise Network Core Technologies (ENCOR) Exam Dumps and Practice Test Questions Set 7 Q121-140

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Question 121:

Which routing protocol is best suited for multi-vendor enterprise networks, supports fast convergence, and enables hierarchical design using areas?

A) RIP
B) OSPF
C) EIGRP
D) BGP

Answer:

B) OSPF

Explanation:

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a widely deployed link-state routing protocol in enterprise networks. It is especially suitable for multi-vendor environments due to its open standard nature. OSPF provides fast convergence, deterministic routing, and a hierarchical design using areas, which allows enterprises to segment large networks efficiently while reducing routing overhead.

The hierarchical design involves dividing a network into multiple areas, with Area 0 serving as the backbone. This architecture minimizes the propagation of routing updates and confines SPF recalculations to affected areas, ensuring rapid convergence and stable network operation. Each router maintains a link-state database (LSDB) representing the network topology of its area. The SPF algorithm calculates loop-free shortest paths, guaranteeing predictable routing behavior.

OSPF also supports authentication to secure routing updates, and route summarization at area boundaries to reduce routing table size and control update propagation. It operates on both IPv4 (OSPFv2) and IPv6 (OSPFv3), facilitating dual-stack deployments common in enterprise networks transitioning to IPv6.

In comparison, RIP is a distance-vector protocol with slow convergence and limited scalability, making it unsuitable for large networks. EIGRP, while fast-converging and feature-rich, is Cisco-proprietary and less optimal for multi-vendor networks. BGP is primarily used for inter-domain routing and is not optimized for fast convergence within enterprise LANs.

OSPF is highly flexible and can operate in various network topologies, including broadcast, non-broadcast, point-to-point, and point-to-multipoint links. It also supports stub, totally stubby, and not-so-stubby areas (NSSA), which help limit routing updates in branch or less critical areas. These capabilities ensure efficient network scaling and operational simplicity.

From an enterprise perspective, OSPF allows predictable network behavior, rapid failure recovery, and segmentation for better traffic management. Administrators can implement hierarchical routing, route summarization, and filtering to optimize performance. Its open standard ensures compatibility across devices from multiple vendors, which is critical in heterogeneous enterprise environments.

In conclusion, OSPF is best suited for multi-vendor enterprise networks, supports fast convergence, and enables hierarchical design using areas, making option B correct.

Question 122:

Which protocol enables enterprises to extend Layer 2 networks over a Layer 3 infrastructure, providing scalable multi-tenant support?

A) GRE
B) VXLAN
C) VLAN
D) MPLS

Answer:

B) VXLAN

Explanation:

Virtual Extensible LAN (VXLAN) is a modern overlay technology designed to extend Layer 2 networks over Layer 3 IP infrastructure. It addresses the scalability limitations of traditional VLANs, which are constrained by a 12-bit VLAN ID, allowing a maximum of 4,096 VLANs. VXLAN uses a 24-bit VXLAN Network Identifier (VNI), enabling up to 16 million logical networks, making it ideal for large enterprise data centers with multi-tenant environments.

VXLAN encapsulates Ethernet frames in UDP packets, which are transported across Layer 3 networks. VXLAN Tunnel Endpoints (VTEPs) perform encapsulation at the source and decapsulation at the destination, allowing workloads to communicate as if they were on the same Layer 2 segment, regardless of their physical location. This decoupling enables seamless VM mobility, flexible workload placement, and simplified network design without affecting physical topology.

For scalability and efficiency, VXLAN often leverages BGP EVPN as a control plane. BGP EVPN distributes MAC address and VNI reachability information to all VTEPs, eliminating the need for flooding unknown unicast, broadcast, and multicast traffic (BUM). This reduces CPU and memory overhead on network devices and enhances network efficiency, especially in multi-tenant scenarios where isolated networks coexist on the same infrastructure.

Other protocols have limitations. GRE tunnels encapsulate traffic but lack multi-tenant awareness and do not provide control-plane intelligence for MAC address distribution. VLANs are limited in scale and rely on flooding for unknown traffic. MPLS provides secure and scalable Layer 3 routing but does not natively extend Layer 2 segments or provide tenant isolation.

VXLAN with BGP EVPN also supports active-active multi-homing, load balancing, and redundancy. Integration with Cisco SDN solutions, such as ACI or DNA Center, enables centralized provisioning, policy enforcement, and automated network management. Administrators can define policies per tenant or workload, implement microsegmentation, and optimize traffic flows dynamically.

From an operational perspective, VXLAN allows enterprises to scale efficiently, reduce broadcast traffic, and provide isolated, secure multi-tenant networks. It supports dynamic workload mobility, seamless VM migration, and simplified data center expansion without requiring physical reconfiguration. These capabilities make it a critical component of modern enterprise and cloud networks.

In conclusion, VXLAN enables enterprises to extend Layer 2 networks over a Layer 3 infrastructure while providing scalable multi-tenant support, making option B correct.

Question 123:

Which protocol provides centralized AAA for wired, wireless, and VPN users in enterprise networks?

A) TACACS+
B) RADIUS
C) LDAP
D) SNMP

Answer:

B) RADIUS

Explanation:

Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) is a key protocol used in enterprise networks to provide centralized Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) for wired, wireless, and VPN users. It allows enterprises to enforce consistent access policies, monitor user activity, and maintain security across the network.

Authentication ensures that only authorized users or devices can access network resources. When a device or user attempts to connect, the network access device (such as a switch, access point, or VPN concentrator) forwards credentials to the RADIUS server. The server verifies credentials against a database or directory service like Active Directory or LDAP. Once verified, the user is granted access according to defined policies.

Authorization determines the network privileges for authenticated users. RADIUS can assign VLANs, enforce QoS policies, and apply access control rules based on user identity, device type, or location. This ensures that users access only the resources appropriate for their role, improving security and compliance.

Accounting tracks session activity, including connection duration, data usage, and commands executed. This information is valuable for auditing, compliance reporting, and troubleshooting. It provides visibility into network usage patterns and helps identify unauthorized access or anomalies.

RADIUS is integral to 802.1X authentication for both wired and wireless networks. Combined with Cisco ISE, it supports dynamic policy enforcement, device profiling, and posture assessment. Non-compliant devices can be quarantined or restricted automatically until they meet security requirements, reducing potential vulnerabilities.

Other protocols provide partial functionality. TACACS+ is mainly used for device administration, not user network access. LDAP offers directory services but does not provide full AAA for network access. SNMP is used for monitoring device performance and cannot enforce access policies.

Operationally, RADIUS centralizes security management, reduces configuration overhead, and enhances visibility across large enterprise networks. It supports multiple authentication methods, including password, certificate, and multi-factor authentication, and ensures consistent policy enforcement across wired, wireless, and VPN connections.

In conclusion, RADIUS provides centralized AAA for wired, wireless, and VPN users, making option B correct.

Question 124:

Which protocol distributes MAC address reachability in VXLAN overlays, improving scalability and reducing flooding?

A) OSPF
B) STP
C) BGP EVPN
D) RIP

Answer:

C) BGP EVPN

Explanation:

BGP EVPN (Ethernet VPN) is a control-plane protocol used in VXLAN overlays to distribute MAC address reachability information between VXLAN Tunnel Endpoints (VTEPs). This eliminates the need for flooding unknown unicast, broadcast, and multicast (BUM) traffic, which is inefficient in large-scale data centers and multi-tenant environments.

In VXLAN overlays, VTEPs encapsulate Layer 2 Ethernet frames into UDP packets for transport across Layer 3 networks. Each VTEP maintains a MAC-to-VTEP mapping. BGP EVPN advertises these mappings across the network, allowing deterministic forwarding of traffic directly to the destination VTEP without relying on broadcast. This approach reduces bandwidth consumption, CPU utilization, and memory usage on network devices.

BGP EVPN also supports multi-tenancy by associating MAC addresses with VXLAN Network Identifiers (VNIs), ensuring that traffic is properly segregated between tenants. This provides security and isolation in multi-tenant data centers while allowing flexible network design and seamless VM mobility.

Other protocols do not fulfill this role. OSPF is a Layer 3 routing protocol and cannot advertise Layer 2 MAC addresses. STP prevents loops but does not distribute MAC information. RIP is a distance-vector routing protocol and does not manage Layer 2 overlays or MAC reachability.

BGP EVPN supports advanced features such as active-active multi-homing, redundancy, optimal path selection, and integration with SDN controllers. This provides automated policy enforcement, centralized monitoring, and scalability in large enterprise networks. Deterministic MAC learning improves overall network efficiency and ensures predictable traffic forwarding.

Operationally, BGP EVPN enhances scalability, reduces unnecessary flooding, improves performance, and supports secure multi-tenant overlays in modern data centers. It enables dynamic workload mobility, microsegmentation, and simplified operational management.

In conclusion, BGP EVPN distributes MAC address reachability in VXLAN overlays, improving scalability and reducing flooding, making option C correct.

Question 125:

Which WAN technology provides secure multi-tenant connectivity, traffic engineering, and QoS for enterprise networks?

A) MPLS VPN
B) DSL
C) Frame Relay
D) Metro Ethernet

Answer:

A) MPLS VPN

Explanation:

Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) are widely deployed in enterprise WANs to provide secure, scalable, and high-performance connectivity between multiple sites. MPLS uses label-based forwarding to create Label-Switched Paths (LSPs), allowing traffic engineering, QoS guarantees, and optimal path selection for critical applications such as voice, video, and cloud services.

MPLS VPNs support multi-tenant connectivity through Virtual Routing and Forwarding (VRF) instances. Each VRF maintains an independent routing table, enabling overlapping IP address spaces and ensuring complete traffic segregation between tenants or business units. Layer 3 MPLS VPNs provide IP-based segmentation, while Layer 2 VPNs (VPLS) extend Ethernet connectivity for legacy or non-IP traffic.

Traffic engineering enables predictable performance by directing latency-sensitive traffic along optimal paths while avoiding congestion. QoS ensures service levels for high-priority applications even during peak network utilization. MPLS VPNs also provide redundancy and rapid failover for high availability and business continuity.

Other WAN technologies have limitations. DSL provides low bandwidth with no inherent QoS or multi-tenant support. Frame Relay is a legacy technology offering minimal guarantees. Metro Ethernet delivers high-speed connectivity but does not natively provide multi-tenant segmentation, traffic engineering, or end-to-end QoS.

Integration with SD-WAN solutions enables centralized policy enforcement, dynamic provisioning, and consistent management across multiple sites. Enterprises benefit from secure, scalable, and reliable WAN connectivity that supports cloud applications, hybrid deployments, and multi-tenant operations.

In conclusion, MPLS VPN provides secure multi-tenant WAN connectivity with traffic engineering and QoS, making option A correct.

Question 126:

Which protocol is used to provide centralized authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) for both wired and wireless users in enterprise networks?

A) RADIUS
B) TACACS+
C) SNMP
D) LDAP

Answer:

A) RADIUS

Explanation:

Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) is the predominant protocol used in enterprise networks for centralized authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) for wired, wireless, and VPN users. RADIUS allows organizations to enforce consistent access policies across all network access points while maintaining a centralized control plane for user management.

Authentication in RADIUS involves verifying the identity of a user or device attempting to connect to the network. When a client attempts to access the network, the network access device—such as a switch, access point, or VPN concentrator—acts as a RADIUS client and forwards the credentials to a centralized RADIUS server. The server checks the credentials against its database or an external directory service such as LDAP or Active Directory. Upon successful verification, the user gains access according to the defined policy.

Authorization is the process of determining what resources or services the authenticated user can access. RADIUS allows assignment of VLANs, QoS policies, and access permissions based on user identity, device type, role, or location. For instance, guest users may be placed in a restricted VLAN, while corporate devices receive full access to enterprise resources. This ensures proper segmentation and network security.

Accounting is a critical feature of RADIUS that logs user activity, including session start and stop times, data usage, and commands executed. Accounting provides audit trails, aids compliance reporting, and allows administrators to detect anomalies or unauthorized access. The centralized logging capability is essential for large enterprise networks where tracking user behavior manually would be infeasible.

RADIUS is tightly integrated with 802.1X port-based authentication, which ensures that devices are authenticated before they can communicate on the network. Integration with Cisco ISE (Identity Services Engine) enhances this functionality by providing posture assessment, device profiling, and dynamic policy enforcement. Non-compliant devices can be quarantined or redirected to remediation networks automatically.

Other protocols provide partial solutions. TACACS+ focuses primarily on device administration rather than end-user network access. LDAP provides directory services but does not enforce network AAA policies or account for usage. SNMP is used for network monitoring and device management and does not handle authentication or authorization.

From an enterprise perspective, RADIUS centralizes security, reduces administrative overhead, and allows uniform policy enforcement across all access devices. Its scalability makes it suitable for organizations with multiple branch offices, campuses, and VPN endpoints. Multi-factor authentication and certificate-based methods further enhance security while ensuring a seamless user experience.

In conclusion, RADIUS provides centralized AAA for wired and wireless users in enterprise networks, making option A correct.

Question 127:

Which technology allows Layer 2 connectivity over a Layer 3 network, provides multi-tenant segmentation, and improves network scalability?

A) GRE Tunnel
B) VXLAN with BGP EVPN
C) VLAN
D) STP

Answer:

B) VXLAN with BGP EVPN

Explanation:

VXLAN (Virtual Extensible LAN) with BGP EVPN (Ethernet VPN) is a data center and enterprise overlay technology designed to extend Layer 2 networks over a Layer 3 infrastructure while providing scalability, multi-tenant segmentation, and efficient traffic management. It addresses limitations of traditional VLANs, which are constrained by a maximum of 4,096 VLAN IDs and rely on flooding for unknown traffic.

VXLAN encapsulates Ethernet frames into UDP packets for transport across an IP network. VXLAN Tunnel Endpoints (VTEPs) perform the encapsulation and decapsulation, allowing devices to communicate as if they were on the same Layer 2 segment, even across geographically dispersed data centers. This capability supports VM mobility, workload distribution, and simplified network topology without physical reconfiguration.

BGP EVPN serves as a control-plane protocol that distributes MAC address and VXLAN Network Identifier (VNI) reachability information among VTEPs. This eliminates flooding for unknown unicast, broadcast, and multicast traffic (BUM), which reduces CPU and memory load on network devices while improving overall network performance. Multi-tenant segmentation is achieved by mapping each VNI to a separate tenant or application, ensuring secure isolation between networks sharing the same physical infrastructure.

Other technologies have limitations. GRE tunnels encapsulate traffic but lack multi-tenant awareness and a control plane for MAC address distribution. VLANs are limited in scale and rely on flooding for unknown unicast traffic. STP prevents loops but does not provide overlay functionality or support for multi-tenant isolation.

VXLAN with BGP EVPN supports active-active multi-homing, redundancy, and load balancing across the network. Integration with SDN controllers such as Cisco ACI or DNA Center allows centralized automation, policy enforcement, and monitoring, enabling dynamic network adjustments based on business intent or operational requirements.

Operationally, VXLAN with BGP EVPN enhances scalability, reduces broadcast traffic, and supports secure, isolated multi-tenant environments. It allows dynamic workload mobility, simplifies network management, and provides predictable and efficient traffic forwarding, which is essential in modern data centers and large-scale enterprise networks.

In conclusion, VXLAN with BGP EVPN allows Layer 2 connectivity over Layer 3 networks, supports multi-tenant segmentation, and improves scalability, making option B correct.

Question 128:

Which wireless standard operates in the 5 GHz band, supports MU-MIMO, and is ideal for high-density enterprise environments?

A) 802.11b
B) 802.11ac
C) 802.11g
D) 802.11n

Answer:

B) 802.11ac

Explanation:

802.11ac, also known as Wi-Fi 5, is a wireless standard optimized for high-density enterprise environments and high-throughput applications. It operates primarily in the 5 GHz frequency band, which provides a greater number of non-overlapping channels compared to the 2.4 GHz band, reducing interference and improving performance in dense deployments.

A significant feature of 802.11ac is Multi-User MIMO (MU-MIMO), which allows simultaneous communication with multiple clients. This improves throughput, reduces latency, and optimizes performance for environments with many connected devices. Beamforming technology focuses RF energy toward specific devices, enhancing signal strength, reliability, and coverage, particularly in large office spaces, auditoriums, or conference rooms.

Higher-order modulation, such as 256-QAM, and wider channel bandwidths (up to 160 MHz) contribute to increased data rates, supporting bandwidth-intensive applications like VoIP, video conferencing, cloud collaboration, and large file transfers. Enterprise wireless controllers enable centralized management, seamless roaming, policy enforcement, and monitoring of client performance.

Other standards have limitations. 802.11n operates in both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz but lacks MU-MIMO and offers lower maximum throughput. 802.11b and 802.11g operate only in 2.4 GHz with lower data rates and higher susceptibility to interference, making them unsuitable for high-density enterprise networks.

In enterprise deployments, 802.11ac ensures reliable connectivity, efficient spectrum utilization, and high throughput for multiple concurrent users. It is designed to handle modern enterprise applications and provides predictable performance for dense networks with numerous clients, improving the overall user experience.

In conclusion, 802.11ac operates in the 5 GHz band, supports MU-MIMO, and is ideal for high-density enterprise environments, making option B correct.

Question 129:

Which WAN technology provides secure multi-tenant connectivity, traffic engineering, and Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees for enterprise networks?

A) DSL
B) Frame Relay
C) Metro Ethernet
D) MPLS VPN

Answer:

D) MPLS VPN

Explanation:

Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) are widely deployed in enterprise WANs to provide scalable, secure, and high-performance connectivity between multiple sites. MPLS uses label-based forwarding to establish Label-Switched Paths (LSPs), enabling traffic engineering, Quality of Service (QoS), and reliable path selection for critical applications such as voice, video, and cloud services.

MPLS VPNs support multi-tenant environments through Virtual Routing and Forwarding (VRF) instances. Each VRF maintains a separate routing table, allowing overlapping IP address spaces and complete segregation of traffic between tenants or business units. Layer 3 MPLS VPNs provide IP-based segmentation, while Layer 2 VPNs (VPLS) extend Ethernet connectivity across the MPLS backbone for legacy or non-IP traffic.

Traffic engineering ensures predictable performance by directing latency-sensitive traffic along optimal paths while avoiding congested links. QoS guarantees performance levels for high-priority applications even during peak periods. MPLS VPNs also support redundancy and rapid failover, ensuring high availability and continuity of business-critical services.

Other WAN technologies have limitations. DSL provides low bandwidth and lacks inherent QoS or multi-tenant support. Frame Relay is a legacy technology with minimal guarantees. Metro Ethernet offers high-speed connectivity but does not natively provide multi-tenant segmentation, traffic engineering, or end-to-end QoS.

Integration with SD-WAN solutions enables centralized management, policy enforcement, and dynamic provisioning of VRFs across sites. Enterprises benefit from secure, scalable, and reliable WAN connectivity supporting hybrid cloud deployments, multi-site connectivity, and critical business applications.

In conclusion, MPLS VPN provides secure multi-tenant WAN connectivity with traffic engineering and QoS guarantees, making option D correct.

Question 130:

Which routing protocol supports IPv4 and IPv6, fast convergence, and hierarchical network design with areas?

A) OSPF
B) RIP
C) BGP
D) EIGRP

Answer:

A) OSPF

Explanation:

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a link-state routing protocol widely used in enterprise networks for IPv4 and IPv6 environments. It supports fast convergence, hierarchical network design, and deterministic routing, making it highly suitable for large-scale enterprise deployments.

OSPF uses a hierarchical approach by dividing the network into areas. The backbone area (Area 0) interconnects other areas, allowing each area to maintain its own link-state database. This segmentation limits the scope of SPF recalculations when topology changes occur, ensuring rapid convergence and minimizing the impact of failures on network performance.

The protocol maintains a link-state database (LSDB) that represents the network topology. Routers calculate shortest paths using Dijkstra’s SPF algorithm, resulting in loop-free and predictable routing. OSPF supports both IPv4 (OSPFv2) and IPv6 (OSPFv3), providing enterprises with a seamless migration path during dual-stack implementations.

OSPF also offers features like route summarization, stub areas, totally stubby areas, and NSSA to reduce routing table size and control propagation of routing updates. Security features include authentication of routing updates to prevent unauthorized route injection.

Other protocols have limitations. RIP converges slowly, is limited to 15 hops, and lacks scalability. BGP is used primarily for inter-domain routing and does not provide fast convergence within enterprise networks. EIGRP, while fast and efficient, is Cisco-proprietary, limiting its suitability in multi-vendor environments.

Operationally, OSPF provides predictable network behavior, rapid failure recovery, and scalability through hierarchical design. Its support for IPv6 ensures enterprises can adopt modern addressing schemes while maintaining robust and efficient routing.

In conclusion, OSPF supports IPv4 and IPv6, provides fast convergence, and allows hierarchical design using areas, making option A correct.

Question 131:

Which technology allows enterprises to extend Layer 2 networks across Layer 3 infrastructure while reducing broadcast traffic in data centers?

A) VLAN
B) VXLAN with BGP EVPN
C) GRE Tunnel
D) STP

Answer:

B) VXLAN with BGP EVPN

Explanation:

VXLAN (Virtual Extensible LAN) with BGP EVPN (Ethernet VPN) is an overlay technology widely used in modern data centers and large enterprise networks to extend Layer 2 connectivity across a Layer 3 infrastructure. This solution addresses the limitations of traditional VLANs, which are constrained by the 12-bit VLAN ID space (allowing only 4,096 VLANs) and rely heavily on flooding unknown unicast, broadcast, and multicast (BUM) traffic.

VXLAN encapsulates Ethernet frames into UDP packets for transport across IP networks. VXLAN Tunnel Endpoints (VTEPs) perform the encapsulation and decapsulation functions at the network edges, allowing devices to communicate as if they were on the same Layer 2 segment, even if they are physically separated across multiple data centers. This capability supports virtual machine mobility, workload distribution, and dynamic network scaling without requiring reconfiguration of the physical infrastructure.

BGP EVPN serves as a control-plane protocol that advertises MAC address and VXLAN Network Identifier (VNI) reachability information to all VTEPs. By using EVPN, the network avoids flooding unknown unicast traffic, reducing CPU and memory utilization on network devices and improving overall data center efficiency. Additionally, each VNI can be associated with a tenant or application, providing secure multi-tenant segmentation.

Other technologies are less suitable. GRE tunnels provide encapsulation but lack multi-tenant awareness and a control plane to distribute MAC addresses. VLANs are limited in scale and rely on flooding to handle unknown traffic. STP prevents loops in Layer 2 networks but does not provide overlay functionality or multi-tenant segmentation.

VXLAN with BGP EVPN also supports active-active multi-homing, load balancing, and redundancy, ensuring high availability in enterprise deployments. Integration with SDN solutions like Cisco ACI or DNA Center allows for centralized automation, dynamic policy enforcement, and real-time monitoring. Administrators can define policies per tenant or workload, implement microsegmentation, and optimize traffic forwarding based on business intent.

Operationally, VXLAN with BGP EVPN enhances scalability, reduces unnecessary broadcast traffic, and ensures secure, isolated multi-tenant environments. It simplifies management, supports dynamic workload mobility, and enables efficient traffic forwarding across large enterprise data centers.

In conclusion, VXLAN with BGP EVPN allows enterprises to extend Layer 2 networks across Layer 3 infrastructure while reducing broadcast traffic, making option B correct.

Question 132:

Which wireless standard supports MU-MIMO, operates in the 5 GHz band, and is suitable for high-density enterprise deployments?

A) 802.11n
B) 802.11ac
C) 802.11b
D) 802.11g

Answer:

B) 802.11ac

Explanation:

802.11ac, commonly referred to as Wi-Fi 5, is a wireless standard designed for high-density enterprise environments requiring high throughput and reliable connectivity. It operates primarily in the 5 GHz band, which offers more non-overlapping channels than the 2.4 GHz band, reducing interference and improving network performance in environments with multiple access points and numerous connected devices.

A key feature of 802.11ac is Multi-User MIMO (MU-MIMO), which allows multiple clients to communicate simultaneously with the access point. This capability significantly improves network efficiency, reduces latency, and enhances throughput in high-density areas such as offices, auditoriums, and conference facilities. Beamforming technology further focuses RF energy toward specific clients, increasing signal reliability and coverage.

802.11ac supports wider channel bandwidths (up to 160 MHz) and higher-order modulation (256-QAM), resulting in higher data rates compared to previous standards. These features allow enterprises to support bandwidth-intensive applications like video conferencing, VoIP, cloud collaboration, and large file transfers. Enterprise wireless controllers provide centralized management, seamless roaming, and policy enforcement, ensuring consistent performance across multiple access points.

Other wireless standards have limitations. 802.11n operates in both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz but lacks MU-MIMO and offers lower maximum throughput. 802.11b and 802.11g operate solely in the 2.4 GHz band, have lower speeds, and are more prone to interference, making them unsuitable for dense enterprise deployments.

In enterprise design, 802.11ac ensures reliable connectivity, efficient spectrum utilization, and predictable performance for multiple concurrent clients. Its combination of MU-MIMO, beamforming, and high throughput addresses modern enterprise requirements for scalable and high-performance wireless networks.

In conclusion, 802.11ac supports MU-MIMO, operates in the 5 GHz band, and is ideal for high-density enterprise deployments, making option B correct.

Question 133:

Which WAN technology provides secure multi-tenant connectivity, traffic engineering, and Quality of Service (QoS) for enterprise networks?

A) DSL
B) Frame Relay
C) MPLS VPN
D) Metro Ethernet

Answer:

C) MPLS VPN

Explanation:

Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) are widely used in enterprise WANs to provide secure, scalable, and high-performance connectivity across multiple sites. MPLS relies on label-based forwarding to create Label-Switched Paths (LSPs), enabling traffic engineering, Quality of Service (QoS), and predictable routing for critical applications such as voice, video, and cloud services.

MPLS VPNs support multi-tenant connectivity through Virtual Routing and Forwarding (VRF) instances. Each VRF maintains an independent routing table, allowing overlapping IP address spaces and ensuring complete traffic segregation between tenants or business units. Layer 3 MPLS VPNs provide IP-based segmentation, while Layer 2 VPNs (VPLS) extend Ethernet connectivity for legacy or non-IP traffic.

Traffic engineering allows administrators to direct high-priority traffic along optimal paths, avoiding congested links and ensuring consistent application performance. QoS policies guarantee service levels for latency-sensitive applications, even during periods of high network utilization. MPLS VPNs also support redundancy and rapid failover, maintaining high availability and business continuity.

Other WAN technologies have limitations. DSL offers limited bandwidth and no inherent QoS or multi-tenant support. Frame Relay is a legacy technology with minimal guarantees. Metro Ethernet provides high-speed connectivity but lacks built-in multi-tenant segmentation, traffic engineering, and QoS capabilities.

Integration with SD-WAN solutions allows centralized policy enforcement, dynamic provisioning, and consistent management of VRFs across multiple sites. Enterprises benefit from secure, scalable, and high-performance WAN connectivity that supports hybrid cloud deployments and multi-site operations.

In conclusion, MPLS VPN provides secure multi-tenant WAN connectivity, traffic engineering, and QoS, making option C correct.

Question 134:

Which routing protocol supports fast convergence, unequal-cost load balancing, and is optimized for Cisco-based enterprise networks?

A) RIP
B) OSPF
C) EIGRP
D) BGP

Answer:

C) EIGRP

Explanation:

Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) is a Cisco-proprietary hybrid routing protocol combining the characteristics of distance-vector and link-state protocols. It is designed for fast convergence, loop-free operation, and efficient utilization of network resources, making it ideal for Cisco-based enterprise networks.

EIGRP uses the Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL) to maintain a topology table with feasible successors for each route. This allows routers to switch to backup paths without recalculating the entire network, ensuring minimal downtime in case of link failure. Fast convergence is achieved because only affected routes are recalculated, rather than the entire network.

A distinguishing feature of EIGRP is unequal-cost load balancing, which can be configured using the variance command. This allows traffic to be distributed across multiple paths with different metrics, optimizing bandwidth utilization and improving overall network performance. For example, an enterprise with multiple redundant links can balance traffic dynamically across different-capacity links, rather than using only equal-cost paths.

EIGRP maintains three primary tables: the neighbor table, topology table, and routing table. The neighbor table tracks adjacent routers and their status. The topology table stores all learned routes, including feasible successors that can quickly replace primary routes if needed. The routing table stores the best routes used for packet forwarding, ensuring efficient and loop-free delivery.

Other protocols have limitations. RIP is slow to converge, limited to 15 hops, and lacks unequal-cost load balancing. OSPF converges quickly but supports only equal-cost load balancing by default and is not Cisco-proprietary. BGP is primarily used for inter-domain routing and is not optimized for internal enterprise networks requiring rapid failover.

Operationally, EIGRP provides predictable network behavior, redundancy, and optimal use of bandwidth. It supports both IPv4 and IPv6, route summarization, and authentication, allowing enterprises to maintain secure, scalable, and efficient routing infrastructures.

In conclusion, EIGRP supports fast convergence, unequal-cost load balancing, and is optimized for Cisco-based enterprise networks, making option C correct.

Question 135:

Which Cisco solution provides centralized network automation, assurance, and policy-based management across wired and wireless enterprise networks?

A) Cisco ISE
B) Cisco DNA Center
C) NetFlow
D) Prime Infrastructure

Answer:

B) Cisco DNA Center

Explanation:

Cisco Digital Network Architecture (DNA) Center is a centralized network management platform that enables enterprises to implement automation, assurance, and policy-based management across both wired and wireless networks. It is a cornerstone of intent-based networking, translating business objectives into automated network configurations while providing real-time monitoring and assurance.

Automation capabilities in DNA Center allow administrators to provision devices, configure VLANs, deploy SSIDs, apply QoS policies, and manage software images centrally. This reduces human error, accelerates deployment, and ensures consistency across the network. Policies can be defined based on user roles, device types, and application requirements, ensuring secure and compliant access.

Assurance functionality leverages continuous telemetry and analytics to monitor network performance, detect anomalies, and predict potential issues before they impact end users. AI and machine learning algorithms provide root-cause analysis, helping IT teams quickly identify and resolve problems. This proactive approach enhances operational efficiency and improves user experience.

DNA Center integrates with Cisco ISE for identity-based security, enabling dynamic segmentation and access control. Policies can follow users and devices as they move across wired and wireless networks, providing consistent enforcement without manual reconfiguration. Additionally, DNA Center supports both IPv4 and IPv6, ensuring compatibility with modern enterprise deployments.

Other solutions provide partial functionality. Cisco ISE enforces security policies but does not provide full network automation or assurance. NetFlow offers traffic visibility but lacks provisioning and policy enforcement. Prime Infrastructure provides management and monitoring but does not deliver AI-driven assurance or intent-based automation.

Operationally, DNA Center simplifies enterprise network management, enhances security through dynamic policy enforcement, and ensures high performance through continuous assurance. It provides a single pane of glass for provisioning, monitoring, and troubleshooting across all devices and sites, reducing operational overhead and improving network reliability.

In conclusion, Cisco DNA Center provides centralized network automation, assurance, and policy-based management across wired and wireless enterprise networks, making option B correct.

Question 136:

Which protocol is commonly used for centralized authentication, authorization, and accounting in enterprise networks and integrates with 802.1X?

A) TACACS+
B) RADIUS
C) SNMP
D) LDAP

Answer:

B) RADIUS

Explanation:

Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) is a key protocol widely used in enterprise networks to provide centralized Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) for wired, wireless, and VPN access. It integrates seamlessly with 802.1X port-based authentication, enabling secure network access control for both users and devices.

Authentication is the first step in the AAA process. RADIUS ensures that only authorized users or devices gain access to the network by verifying credentials against a centralized database or directory service such as LDAP or Active Directory. 802.1X integration allows RADIUS to work with port-based access control, which is critical in large enterprise networks to enforce policy before devices gain connectivity.

Authorization defines the level of network access a user or device is allowed once authenticated. Using RADIUS, network administrators can assign VLANs, apply Security Group Tags (SGTs), implement QoS policies, or restrict access to specific resources based on user roles, device types, or locations. This capability ensures proper segmentation and enforcement of security policies.

Accounting in RADIUS provides logging and monitoring of network activity. Each session is tracked with details such as start and stop times, data transferred, and commands executed. This information supports compliance reporting, auditing, and troubleshooting, providing visibility into network usage and potential security incidents.

Other protocols serve different purposes. TACACS+ is primarily designed for administrative access to network devices and does not manage network access for end users. SNMP is used for monitoring network devices, and LDAP provides directory services but does not enforce AAA for network access.

RADIUS is widely deployed in conjunction with Cisco Identity Services Engine (ISE), which enhances its capabilities. ISE adds device profiling, posture assessment, and dynamic policy enforcement, allowing network administrators to quarantine or redirect non-compliant devices automatically. Multi-factor authentication can also be implemented to increase security for sensitive networks.

From an operational perspective, RADIUS centralizes authentication and policy enforcement, reduces configuration complexity, and enhances security across enterprise networks. It scales to support thousands of devices and users while providing consistent policy enforcement across wired, wireless, and VPN connections.

In conclusion, RADIUS is the protocol that provides centralized authentication, authorization, and accounting in enterprise networks and integrates with 802.1X, making option B correct.

Question 137:

Which WAN technology provides secure multi-tenant connectivity, QoS guarantees, and traffic engineering for enterprise networks?

A) MPLS VPN
B) DSL
C) Frame Relay
D) Metro Ethernet

Answer:

A) MPLS VPN

Explanation:

Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) are widely used in enterprise networks to deliver secure, high-performance connectivity across multiple locations. MPLS leverages label-based forwarding, enabling efficient traffic engineering, Quality of Service (QoS), and predictable path selection for critical applications such as voice, video, and cloud services.

MPLS VPNs use Virtual Routing and Forwarding (VRF) instances to provide multi-tenant segmentation. Each VRF maintains an independent routing table, allowing overlapping IP address spaces and ensuring complete traffic isolation between tenants or business units. Layer 3 MPLS VPNs deliver IP-based segmentation, while Layer 2 VPNs (VPLS) provide Ethernet-based connectivity for legacy or non-IP applications.

Traffic engineering enables predictable performance by directing latency-sensitive or high-priority traffic along optimal paths. This avoids congested links and ensures consistent application performance. QoS policies guarantee bandwidth and latency requirements for critical services, such as VoIP and video conferencing, even during periods of high network utilization. MPLS VPNs also support redundancy and rapid failover to maintain business continuity.

Other WAN technologies have limitations. DSL offers low bandwidth and no built-in QoS or multi-tenant support. Frame Relay is a legacy technology that lacks modern traffic engineering capabilities and QoS guarantees. Metro Ethernet provides high-speed connectivity but does not natively include multi-tenant segmentation, QoS enforcement, or traffic engineering capabilities.

Integration with SD-WAN solutions enhances MPLS VPN by allowing centralized management, policy enforcement, and dynamic provisioning of VRFs across multiple sites. Enterprises benefit from secure, reliable, and high-performance connectivity that supports hybrid cloud deployments, multi-site operations, and critical applications requiring guaranteed performance.

Operationally, MPLS VPN provides predictable, secure, and segmented WAN connectivity, reduces administrative complexity, and ensures high availability for enterprise networks. Its ability to combine multi-tenant segmentation, traffic engineering, and QoS guarantees makes it ideal for large-scale deployments.

In conclusion, MPLS VPN is the WAN technology that provides secure multi-tenant connectivity, QoS, and traffic engineering, making option A correct.

Question 138:

Which routing protocol supports unequal-cost load balancing, fast convergence, and is optimized for Cisco enterprise networks?

A) RIP
B) OSPF
C) EIGRP
D) BGP

Answer:

C) EIGRP

Explanation:

Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) is a Cisco-proprietary hybrid routing protocol designed for enterprise networks requiring fast convergence, efficient resource utilization, and reliable routing. It combines the characteristics of distance-vector and link-state protocols, providing predictable routing and redundancy while minimizing network disruption during topology changes.

EIGRP uses the Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL) to maintain a topology table of all possible routes to each destination. Feasible successors provide backup routes that can be immediately promoted to the routing table in case the primary route fails. This mechanism allows for fast convergence because only affected routes are recalculated, rather than recomputing the entire network topology.

A distinguishing feature of EIGRP is its support for unequal-cost load balancing through the variance command. This allows multiple paths with different metrics to be used simultaneously, optimizing bandwidth utilization and avoiding congestion on high-capacity links. By contrast, OSPF supports only equal-cost load balancing by default, and RIP lacks both fast convergence and unequal-cost load balancing. BGP is optimized for inter-domain routing and does not provide rapid failover in enterprise LANs.

EIGRP maintains three primary tables: the neighbor table, topology table, and routing table. The neighbor table tracks adjacent routers and monitors their status. The topology table stores all routes, including feasible successors, while the routing table stores the best routes used for forwarding packets. This separation of tables allows efficient route calculation and minimal network disruption during failures.

EIGRP also supports summarization, authentication, and dual-stack IPv4/IPv6 networks. Summarization reduces routing table size and limits propagation of route updates, improving scalability. Authentication prevents unauthorized routers from injecting malicious routes. EIGRP’s ability to handle IPv6 alongside IPv4 ensures seamless network modernization without disruption.

Operationally, EIGRP provides predictable routing behavior, rapid failover, and efficient utilization of network resources. Enterprises benefit from fast convergence, support for redundant paths, and optimal traffic distribution, particularly in campus networks or multi-branch topologies. Its Cisco-proprietary design ensures tight integration with Cisco devices and features, making it a preferred choice for Cisco-centric enterprise networks.

In conclusion, EIGRP supports unequal-cost load balancing, fast convergence, and is optimized for Cisco enterprise networks, making option C correct.

Question 139:

Which protocol enables centralized identity-based access control, dynamic policy enforcement, and secure network segmentation for enterprise environments?

A) Cisco ISE
B) Cisco DNA Center
C) NetFlow
D) ACL

Answer:

A) Cisco ISE

Explanation:

Cisco Identity Services Engine (ISE) is a centralized security platform that provides identity-based access control, dynamic policy enforcement, and secure segmentation across enterprise networks. ISE enables administrators to authenticate, authorize, and account for users and devices consistently, whether they are on wired, wireless, or VPN connections.

ISE integrates with 802.1X authentication, MAC Authentication Bypass (MAB), and VPN technologies to ensure only authorized devices and users gain network access. Authentication can be performed using credentials, digital certificates, or multi-factor authentication. Once authenticated, dynamic policies are applied to control VLAN assignment, Security Group Tags (SGTs), QoS policies, and access permissions based on user role, device type, or network location.

Dynamic policy enforcement allows enterprises to implement microsegmentation, isolating workloads and limiting lateral movement of potential threats. For example, guest devices may be restricted to a quarantine VLAN, while corporate laptops receive full access to resources. Posture assessment evaluates endpoints for compliance, checking antivirus status, OS patch levels, or firewall settings. Non-compliant devices can be redirected to remediation networks until they meet policy requirements.

ISE also provides centralized logging and monitoring, allowing administrators to track user sessions, generate audit reports, and integrate with SIEM systems for automated threat detection. This visibility improves compliance, incident response, and overall network security.

Other solutions provide partial functionality. Cisco DNA Center offers automation and assurance but relies on ISE for identity-based security. NetFlow provides traffic visibility but cannot enforce access policies. ACLs offer static access control but lack centralized, dynamic enforcement capabilities.

Operationally, ISE simplifies identity management, enforces consistent policies, and enhances network security across enterprise environments. It scales to thousands of users and devices, supports multi-tenant environments, and integrates seamlessly with SD-Access for dynamic segmentation and policy enforcement.

In conclusion, Cisco ISE enables centralized identity-based access control, dynamic policy enforcement, and secure network segmentation, making option A correct.

Question 140:

Which Cisco solution provides centralized network automation, assurance, and policy-based management for enterprise wired and wireless networks?

A) Cisco ISE
B) Cisco DNA Center
C) NetFlow
D) Prime Infrastructure

Answer:

B) Cisco DNA Center

Explanation:

Cisco Digital Network Architecture (DNA) Center is a centralized network management platform that enables enterprise networks to implement automation, assurance, and policy-based management for both wired and wireless environments. DNA Center is a key component of intent-based networking, translating business objectives into automated network configurations while providing continuous performance monitoring and assurance.

Automation in DNA Center allows centralized provisioning of network devices, VLANs, SSIDs, QoS policies, software images, and device configurations. This reduces human error, accelerates deployment, and ensures consistent policy application across the network. Policies can be defined based on user roles, device types, and application requirements, ensuring secure and compliant access.

Assurance leverages telemetry and analytics to continuously monitor network performance, detect anomalies, and predict potential issues before they impact users. AI and machine learning provide root-cause analysis, helping administrators quickly identify and resolve network problems. This proactive approach enhances operational efficiency and end-user experience.

DNA Center integrates with Cisco ISE to enforce identity-based policies, enabling dynamic segmentation and secure access for users and devices. Policies follow endpoints as they move across wired and wireless networks, maintaining consistent security and connectivity without manual reconfiguration. DNA Center supports both IPv4 and IPv6, allowing enterprises to deploy modern network architectures while maintaining backward compatibility.

Other solutions provide partial capabilities. Cisco ISE enforces identity-based policies but lacks full automation and assurance. NetFlow provides traffic monitoring but does not allow centralized policy enforcement. Prime Infrastructure provides management and monitoring but lacks AI-driven assurance and intent-based automation.

Operationally, DNA Center simplifies enterprise network management, enhances security through policy automation, and ensures predictable network performance through continuous assurance. It provides a single pane of glass for provisioning, monitoring, and troubleshooting, reducing operational overhead and improving network reliability and performance.

In conclusion, Cisco DNA Center provides centralized network automation, assurance, and policy-based management for enterprise wired and wireless networks, making option B correct.