Cisco 350-401 Implementing Cisco Enterprise Network Core Technologies (ENCOR) Exam Dumps and Practice Test Questions Set 6 Q101-120

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Question 101:

Which routing protocol is most suitable for enterprise networks that require fast convergence, scalability, and support for complex topologies?

A) RIP
B) OSPF
C) BGP
D) EIGRP

Answer:

B) OSPF

Explanation:

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a link-state routing protocol that is widely deployed in enterprise networks because it supports fast convergence, scalability, and complex hierarchical topologies. OSPF divides large networks into areas to optimize routing efficiency and reduce overhead. The backbone area (Area 0) interconnects all other areas, providing a hierarchical structure that limits the propagation of routing updates and stabilizes the network.

OSPF uses the Shortest Path First (SPF) algorithm, based on Dijkstra’s algorithm, to calculate loop-free paths. Each router maintains a link-state database (LSDB) that contains the complete topology of the area, enabling accurate and deterministic route calculation. When a topology change occurs, only affected areas trigger SPF recalculations, minimizing CPU usage and ensuring fast convergence.

OSPF supports multiple network types, such as broadcast, non-broadcast, point-to-point, and point-to-multipoint links. It can operate over both IPv4 (OSPFv2) and IPv6 (OSPFv3), making it suitable for modern enterprise networks transitioning to IPv6. Additionally, OSPF allows route summarization at area boundaries, reducing the size of routing tables and limiting unnecessary route advertisements across the network.

Other protocols have limitations. RIP is a distance-vector protocol with slow convergence and a maximum hop count of 15, which limits scalability. EIGRP, while efficient and supporting unequal-cost load balancing, is Cisco-proprietary and less suitable for multi-vendor enterprise environments. BGP is primarily used for inter-domain routing between autonomous systems and is not optimized for fast convergence in internal enterprise networks.

OSPF also supports authentication for secure routing updates, stub areas to minimize routing information in branch locations, and external route redistribution to integrate with other routing protocols. Its hierarchical design allows enterprise networks to grow without excessive routing table size or update propagation, making it highly scalable.

From a design perspective, OSPF ensures loop-free, deterministic routing and fast convergence. Its area-based architecture reduces overhead, supports route summarization, and isolates network instability within specific areas, minimizing impact on the overall network. This combination of features makes OSPF ideal for large campus, branch, and data center enterprise networks.

In conclusion, OSPF is the most suitable routing protocol for enterprise networks requiring fast convergence, scalability, and support for complex topologies, making option B correct.

Question 102:

Which protocol allows enterprises to extend Layer 2 networks over Layer 3 infrastructure while providing multi-tenant segmentation?

A) GRE
B) VLAN
C) VXLAN
D) MPLS

Answer:

C) VXLAN

Explanation:

Virtual Extensible LAN (VXLAN) is a modern data center technology that enables Layer 2 networks to be extended over a Layer 3 IP infrastructure while providing multi-tenant segmentation. VXLAN addresses the limitations of VLANs, such as the 4,096 VLAN ID restriction, by using a 24-bit VXLAN Network Identifier (VNI), which supports up to 16 million logical networks. This scalability is critical for cloud-scale and enterprise data centers where thousands of tenants or applications coexist.

VXLAN encapsulates Ethernet frames into UDP packets for transport across an IP network. VXLAN Tunnel Endpoints (VTEPs) at the edge of the network handle encapsulation and decapsulation, allowing virtual machines or devices to communicate as if they were on the same Layer 2 segment, regardless of the physical topology. This decoupling of logical and physical infrastructure allows for flexible workload placement, seamless VM migration, and efficient use of network resources.

Tenant isolation is achieved by assigning a unique VNI to each logical network. VXLAN ensures that traffic from one tenant is segregated from others, maintaining security and compliance. When combined with BGP EVPN as a control plane, VXLAN eliminates flooding for unknown unicast, broadcast, and multicast traffic (BUM), distributing MAC address information efficiently across VTEPs and enhancing scalability.

Other protocols are less suitable. GRE tunnels encapsulate traffic but lack control-plane intelligence and do not provide native tenant isolation. VLANs are limited in scale and require flooding across Layer 2 domains. MPLS provides Layer 3 traffic engineering and segmentation but does not natively extend Layer 2 segments for virtualized workloads.

VXLAN with BGP EVPN enables active-active multi-homing, optimal path selection, and redundancy. It integrates with SDN controllers like Cisco ACI and DNA Center to automate provisioning, enforce policies dynamically, and provide centralized monitoring. This improves operational efficiency, simplifies network management, and reduces the risk of misconfiguration in large-scale environments.

From an operational perspective, VXLAN provides a scalable, secure, and efficient method to extend Layer 2 connectivity across Layer 3 networks. It allows enterprises to deploy multi-tenant architectures, automate workload mobility, and enforce microsegmentation policies consistently, all while reducing broadcast traffic and network overhead.

In conclusion, VXLAN allows enterprises to extend Layer 2 networks over Layer 3 infrastructure while providing multi-tenant segmentation, making option C correct.

Question 103:

Which technology allows centralized authentication, authorization, and accounting for wired, wireless, and VPN users?

A) TACACS+
B) RADIUS
C) LDAP
D) SNMP

Answer:

B) RADIUS

Explanation:

Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) is a widely used protocol for centralized authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) across enterprise networks. It provides a secure method for verifying the identity of users or devices, enforcing access policies, and recording usage information for auditing and compliance purposes. RADIUS is compatible with wired, wireless, and VPN environments, making it a versatile solution for enterprises.

Authentication ensures that only authorized users or devices gain network access. When a client attempts to connect, the network access device (switch, wireless access point, or VPN concentrator) forwards credentials to the RADIUS server. The server verifies the credentials against an internal database or external directory such as Active Directory or LDAP. Once authenticated, the user is granted access according to predefined policies.

Authorization determines the resources or services the authenticated user can access. RADIUS can assign VLANs, apply access control policies, or enforce QoS settings based on user roles or device types. This ensures that users receive appropriate permissions without exposing critical resources to unauthorized access.

Accounting provides detailed logging of user sessions, including start and stop times, data transferred, and actions performed. This data is valuable for auditing, compliance, troubleshooting, and network planning. Enterprises can use RADIUS accounting to monitor resource usage and detect anomalies such as unauthorized access attempts or excessive bandwidth consumption.

Other protocols provide limited functionality. TACACS+ is primarily used for device administration and management, not end-user network access. LDAP provides directory services but does not offer full AAA for network access. SNMP is a network monitoring protocol and does not handle authentication or access control.

RADIUS is integral to 802.1X authentication for wireless and wired networks. It supports integration with Cisco ISE, enabling dynamic policy enforcement, device profiling, and posture assessment. This combination ensures secure, scalable, and policy-driven network access while simplifying administration.

In enterprise networks, RADIUS provides consistent, centralized authentication, reduces administrative overhead, enforces security policies, and enhances visibility into network access. By separating authentication from individual devices, RADIUS allows for easier scalability, improved security, and simplified integration with modern identity management solutions.

In conclusion, RADIUS provides centralized authentication, authorization, and accounting for wired, wireless, and VPN users, making option B correct.

Question 104:

Which protocol is used to advertise MAC address reachability in VXLAN overlays for multi-tenant data centers?

A) OSPF
B) STP
C) BGP EVPN
D) RIP

Answer:

C) BGP EVPN

Explanation:

BGP EVPN (Ethernet VPN) is a control-plane protocol used in VXLAN overlays to advertise MAC address reachability across VXLAN Tunnel Endpoints (VTEPs). In large-scale, multi-tenant data centers, relying solely on flooding for unknown unicast, broadcast, and multicast (BUM) traffic is inefficient and unscalable. BGP EVPN addresses this by providing a control plane that distributes MAC and VNI information to all VTEPs in the network.

Each VTEP maintains a MAC-to-VTEP mapping, allowing deterministic forwarding of traffic without flooding the network. This reduces CPU and memory overhead on switches and improves overall network performance. BGP EVPN also supports multi-tenancy by ensuring that MAC addresses are only distributed among relevant VXLAN Network Identifiers (VNIs), preventing cross-tenant traffic leakage and maintaining security.

Other protocols do not serve this purpose. OSPF is a Layer 3 routing protocol and cannot advertise Layer 2 MAC addresses. STP and RSTP prevent loops in Layer 2 topologies but do not provide MAC address distribution for overlays. RIP is a distance-vector routing protocol with no role in MAC reachability or multi-tenant overlay networks.

BGP EVPN also provides advanced features such as active-active multi-homing, redundancy, and optimal path selection. Integration with SDN controllers enables automated provisioning, centralized policy enforcement, and simplified network management. EVPN reduces flooding, optimizes traffic flows, and scales to support thousands of tenants or devices, which is critical in modern data centers.

From a design perspective, BGP EVPN improves scalability, reduces broadcast traffic, and provides deterministic traffic forwarding in VXLAN overlays. It ensures efficient MAC learning, high availability, and simplified operations while supporting multi-tenant segmentation and dynamic workload mobility.

In conclusion, BGP EVPN distributes MAC address reachability in VXLAN overlays for multi-tenant data centers, making option C correct.

Question 105:

Which wireless standard provides high throughput, operates in the 5 GHz band, and supports MU-MIMO for enterprise deployments?

A) 802.11b
B) 802.11ac
C) 802.11n
D) 802.11g

Answer:

B) 802.11ac

Explanation:

802.11ac, known as Wi-Fi 5, is a wireless standard optimized for high-density enterprise environments. Operating primarily in the 5 GHz band, it provides more non-overlapping channels than the 2.4 GHz band, reducing interference and improving performance in environments with many access points and clients.

One of the key features of 802.11ac is Multi-User MIMO (MU-MIMO), which allows simultaneous communication with multiple clients. This reduces contention and latency, improves throughput, and enhances network efficiency. Beamforming further improves signal strength and coverage by focusing RF energy toward specific clients.

802.11ac supports high data rates through 256-QAM modulation and wider channel bandwidths up to 160 MHz. This enables enterprise networks to handle bandwidth-intensive applications such as video conferencing, VoIP, cloud services, and large file transfers. Centralized controllers provide seamless roaming, policy enforcement, and real-time monitoring, ensuring consistent performance across high-density deployments.

Other standards are less suitable. 802.11n operates in both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz but lacks MU-MIMO and has lower maximum throughput. 802.11b and 802.11g are legacy standards operating in 2.4 GHz with low data rates, unsuitable for modern enterprise applications.

In enterprise design, 802.11ac is essential for high-density environments, enabling reliable connectivity, efficient spectrum utilization, and support for modern applications. Its combination of MU-MIMO, beamforming, and high data rates makes it the standard of choice for enterprise Wi-Fi networks.

In conclusion, 802.11ac provides high throughput, operates in the 5 GHz band, and supports MU-MIMO for enterprise deployments, making option B correct.

Question 106:

Which routing protocol supports both IPv4 and IPv6, allows hierarchical network design with areas, and provides fast convergence?

A) RIP
B) OSPF
C) EIGRP
D) BGP

Answer:

B) OSPF

Explanation:

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a link-state routing protocol designed to provide fast convergence, support for hierarchical network design, and compatibility with both IPv4 (OSPFv2) and IPv6 (OSPFv3). OSPF is widely used in enterprise networks for its scalability, efficiency, and deterministic routing behavior.

OSPF divides networks into multiple areas to reduce routing overhead and improve scalability. The backbone area (Area 0) serves as the core, interconnecting other areas. This hierarchical design confines link-state updates to individual areas, minimizing the frequency and size of SPF calculations and ensuring efficient use of CPU and memory resources on routers.

OSPF routers maintain a Link-State Database (LSDB) representing the complete network topology. Using Dijkstra’s Shortest Path First (SPF) algorithm, each router calculates loop-free paths to all destinations. When a topology change occurs, only the affected portions of the LSDB are recalculated, enabling fast convergence. This capability is critical in enterprise environments where applications such as VoIP, cloud services, and video conferencing require uninterrupted connectivity.

OSPF supports a variety of network types, including point-to-point, broadcast, non-broadcast, and point-to-multipoint, ensuring versatility across diverse enterprise topologies. Features like route summarization at area boundaries and stub areas reduce routing table size and minimize unnecessary update propagation, which is particularly beneficial for branch office or WAN deployments.

OSPF also supports authentication mechanisms, ensuring secure routing updates and preventing unauthorized route injection. OSPFv3 extends functionality to IPv6 while maintaining compatibility with IPv4 OSPF networks, allowing a smooth transition for enterprises adopting IPv6 addressing.

Other protocols have limitations. RIP is a distance-vector protocol with slow convergence and a maximum hop count of 15, making it unsuitable for large enterprise networks. EIGRP, while fast-converging and supporting unequal-cost load balancing, is Cisco-proprietary and may not be ideal in multi-vendor environments. BGP is optimized for inter-domain routing between autonomous systems and does not provide fast convergence for internal enterprise networks.

From a design perspective, OSPF’s hierarchical architecture improves stability and scalability while reducing unnecessary routing updates. Its deterministic SPF calculations provide predictable path selection and high availability. Enterprises can implement features such as traffic engineering, stub areas, and virtual links to further optimize routing efficiency and manage complex topologies.

In conclusion, OSPF supports both IPv4 and IPv6, allows hierarchical network design with areas, and provides fast convergence, making option B correct.

Question 107:

Which protocol provides centralized authentication, authorization, and dynamic access control for enterprise wired, wireless, and VPN networks?

A) TACACS+
B) RADIUS
C) SNMP
D) LDAP

Answer:

B) RADIUS

Explanation:

RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service) is a protocol widely used in enterprise networks to provide centralized authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) for users and devices connecting to wired, wireless, or VPN networks. By centralizing access control, RADIUS simplifies network management, enhances security, and enforces consistent policies across multiple network access devices.

Authentication ensures that only authorized users or devices gain access. Network devices like switches, wireless access points, or VPN concentrators act as RADIUS clients, forwarding user credentials to the RADIUS server. The server verifies credentials against its internal database or an external directory service such as Active Directory or LDAP. Once verified, users are granted network access according to predefined policies.

Authorization determines what resources or services authenticated users can access. RADIUS can assign VLANs, security group tags, and QoS policies based on user identity, device type, or location. For example, corporate laptops might receive full network access, while guest devices or IoT endpoints are segmented into restricted VLANs. This ensures enterprise resources remain protected from unauthorized access.

Accounting tracks user activity, logging session start and stop times, data usage, and other metrics. This data is valuable for auditing, compliance reporting, and detecting unusual activity. Administrators can analyze RADIUS logs to identify potential security threats or optimize network usage.

RADIUS is integral to 802.1X authentication, providing port-based access control for both wired and wireless networks. Integration with Cisco ISE enhances functionality, enabling dynamic policy enforcement, device profiling, posture assessment, and automated remediation of non-compliant devices. This combination of features ensures secure, scalable, and policy-driven network access.

Other protocols provide partial functionality. TACACS+ primarily secures administrative access to network devices, not end-user network access. LDAP offers directory services but does not enforce network AAA policies. SNMP is used for monitoring device performance and cannot authenticate users or enforce access policies.

In enterprise networks, RADIUS reduces administrative overhead, enforces consistent security policies, and provides visibility into network access. By centralizing authentication and authorization, organizations can scale securely while maintaining operational efficiency. The protocol supports multiple authentication methods, including password-based, certificate-based, and multifactor authentication, accommodating modern security requirements.

In conclusion, RADIUS provides centralized authentication, authorization, and dynamic access control for enterprise wired, wireless, and VPN networks, making option B correct.

Question 108:

Which data center technology enables scalable Layer 2 extensions, multi-tenant segmentation, and reduces broadcast traffic?

A) VLAN
B) VXLAN with BGP EVPN
C) GRE Tunnel
D) STP

Answer:

B) VXLAN with BGP EVPN

Explanation:

VXLAN (Virtual Extensible LAN) with BGP EVPN (Ethernet VPN) is a data center technology that extends Layer 2 networks over Layer 3 infrastructure while providing scalability, multi-tenant segmentation, and efficient traffic forwarding. VXLAN addresses the limitations of traditional VLANs, which are limited to 4,096 IDs and rely on flooding for unknown unicast, broadcast, and multicast traffic (BUM), which becomes inefficient at scale.

VXLAN encapsulates Ethernet frames in UDP packets for transport across IP networks. VXLAN Tunnel Endpoints (VTEPs) perform encapsulation and decapsulation at the edges, allowing logical Layer 2 segments to exist across physically separated devices. This decouples the logical topology from the physical infrastructure, supporting virtual machine mobility, workload distribution, and simplified network design.

BGP EVPN acts as a control plane for VXLAN overlays. It distributes MAC address and VXLAN Network Identifier (VNI) information among VTEPs, eliminating the need for flooding BUM traffic. This improves scalability, reduces CPU and memory overhead on devices, and ensures deterministic forwarding. Each VNI represents a unique tenant or application, providing robust multi-tenant isolation.

Other technologies are limited. VLANs are constrained by the 4,096 ID limit and depend on Layer 2 flooding, which is inefficient in large environments. GRE tunnels encapsulate traffic but lack a control-plane mechanism and do not inherently support multi-tenancy. STP prevents loops but does not address multi-tenant segmentation or scalable Layer 2 extension.

VXLAN with BGP EVPN supports active-active multi-homing, load balancing, redundancy, and traffic optimization. Integration with SDN controllers like Cisco ACI or DNA Center allows centralized policy enforcement, automated provisioning, and real-time monitoring. Administrators can define policies per tenant or application, enabling microsegmentation, dynamic workload placement, and secure isolation of traffic across the network.

From an operational perspective, VXLAN with BGP EVPN reduces broadcast traffic, supports multi-tenant environments, and scales efficiently in large data centers. By providing a control plane for MAC address learning, it ensures predictable traffic forwarding and high performance while simplifying network management. This combination of scalability, isolation, and efficiency makes VXLAN with BGP EVPN ideal for modern enterprise data centers.

In conclusion, VXLAN with BGP EVPN enables scalable Layer 2 extensions, multi-tenant segmentation, and reduces broadcast traffic, making option B correct.

Question 109:

Which wireless standard operates in the 5 GHz band, supports MU-MIMO, and is optimized for high-density enterprise deployments?

A) 802.11n
B) 802.11ac
C) 802.11b
D) 802.11g

Answer:

B) 802.11ac

Explanation:

802.11ac, known as Wi-Fi 5, is a wireless standard designed for high-throughput and high-density enterprise deployments. Operating primarily in the 5 GHz band, it provides more non-overlapping channels than the 2.4 GHz spectrum, reducing interference and improving performance in environments with many access points and clients.

Key features of 802.11ac include Multi-User MIMO (MU-MIMO), beamforming, 256-QAM modulation, and wider channel bandwidths up to 160 MHz. MU-MIMO allows simultaneous transmission to multiple clients, increasing throughput and efficiency. Beamforming focuses RF energy toward specific devices, enhancing signal strength, coverage, and reliability, which is especially beneficial in high-density areas like offices, auditoriums, and conference halls.

Other standards are less suitable for modern enterprise environments. 802.11n supports both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz but lacks MU-MIMO and offers lower maximum throughput. 802.11b and 802.11g operate in the 2.4 GHz band with lower data rates and higher susceptibility to interference, making them unsuitable for high-density applications.

802.11ac enables enterprise networks to support bandwidth-intensive applications such as video conferencing, cloud services, VoIP, and large file transfers. Centralized wireless controllers provide seamless roaming, policy enforcement, and monitoring, ensuring consistent user experience across high-density deployments.

In conclusion, 802.11ac operates in the 5 GHz band, supports MU-MIMO, and is optimized for high-density enterprise deployments, making option B correct.

Question 110:

Which WAN technology provides secure, multi-tenant connectivity, traffic engineering, and QoS guarantees for enterprise sites?

A) MPLS VPN
B) DSL
C) Frame Relay
D) Metro Ethernet

Answer:

A) MPLS VPN

Explanation:

Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) are widely used in enterprise WANs to provide secure, high-performance, and scalable connectivity between multiple sites. MPLS utilizes label-based forwarding to create predetermined Label-Switched Paths (LSPs) across the network, allowing traffic engineering, optimal path selection, and Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees for latency-sensitive applications such as VoIP, video, and cloud services.

MPLS VPNs support multi-tenant connectivity using Virtual Routing and Forwarding (VRF) instances. Each VRF maintains an independent routing table, allowing overlapping IP addresses and complete segregation of tenant or business unit traffic. Layer 3 MPLS VPNs provide IP-based segmentation, while Layer 2 VPNs (VPLS) extend Ethernet connectivity across the MPLS backbone, supporting non-IP or legacy workloads.

Traffic engineering in MPLS ensures predictable performance by allowing explicit routing for high-priority traffic, avoiding congestion and maintaining SLA compliance. QoS policies prioritize latency-sensitive applications, ensuring consistent performance during peak periods. MPLS VPNs also support redundancy and rapid failover to enhance reliability and business continuity.

Other WAN technologies have limitations. DSL provides limited bandwidth and lacks native QoS or multi-tenant support. Frame Relay is a legacy technology with minimal performance guarantees. Metro Ethernet offers high-speed connectivity but does not inherently provide multi-tenant segmentation, traffic engineering, or end-to-end QoS guarantees.

Integration with SD-WAN solutions allows centralized management of VRFs, dynamic provisioning, and consistent policy enforcement across all sites. Enterprises benefit from secure, scalable, and high-performance connectivity that supports cloud applications, hybrid WANs, and multi-site deployments.

In conclusion, MPLS VPN provides secure, multi-tenant WAN connectivity with traffic engineering and QoS guarantees, making option A correct.

Question 111:

Which routing protocol allows unequal-cost load balancing, fast convergence, and supports both IPv4 and IPv6?

A) RIP
B) EIGRP
C) OSPF
D) BGP

Answer:

B) EIGRP

Explanation:

Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) is a hybrid routing protocol developed by Cisco that combines characteristics of distance-vector and link-state protocols. EIGRP is highly suitable for enterprise networks because it supports fast convergence, unequal-cost load balancing, and dual-stack operation with both IPv4 and IPv6.

At its core, EIGRP uses the Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL) to ensure loop-free paths and rapid convergence. DUAL maintains a topology table with all learned routes and calculates primary and backup paths to destinations. When a network change occurs, only affected routes are recalculated, which minimizes network disruption and reduces the convergence time. This is particularly important for enterprise networks supporting critical applications such as VoIP, video conferencing, and cloud services.

Unequal-cost load balancing is a distinguishing feature of EIGRP. Unlike OSPF, which supports only equal-cost paths, EIGRP allows multiple paths with different metrics to carry traffic by configuring a variance. This improves bandwidth utilization and reduces congestion on high-capacity links. For example, traffic between branch offices and data centers can be load-balanced across links with different bandwidths while ensuring loop-free forwarding.

EIGRP maintains three primary tables for efficient operation:

Neighbor Table: Tracks directly connected routers to ensure stable adjacencies.

Topology Table: Stores all learned routes, including feasible successors and their metrics.

Routing Table: Contains the best paths selected by DUAL for actual packet forwarding.

EIGRP supports multiple network types and topologies, including point-to-point, broadcast, and non-broadcast networks. It also allows route summarization, reducing the size of routing tables and optimizing update propagation. Additionally, EIGRP supports authentication to secure routing updates and prevent malicious route injection.

Other protocols have limitations. RIP is distance-vector, slow to converge, and limited to 15 hops. OSPF provides fast convergence but only supports equal-cost load balancing by default. BGP is primarily used for inter-domain routing between autonomous systems and is not optimized for rapid convergence in enterprise networks.

In enterprise design, EIGRP simplifies routing in complex topologies by supporting redundancy, fast convergence, and efficient use of bandwidth. It also enables dual-stack operation for IPv4 and IPv6 networks, which is crucial for organizations migrating to IPv6 while maintaining IPv4 services. The combination of loop-free operation, scalability, and operational efficiency makes EIGRP a preferred choice in Cisco-centric enterprise environments.

In conclusion, EIGRP allows unequal-cost load balancing, fast convergence, and supports both IPv4 and IPv6, making option B correct.

Question 112:

Which Cisco solution enables centralized network automation, assurance, and policy-based management across wired and wireless networks?

A) Cisco ISE
B) Cisco DNA Center
C) NetFlow
D) Prime Infrastructure

Answer:

B) Cisco DNA Center

Explanation:

Cisco Digital Network Architecture (DNA) Center is a centralized network management and automation platform designed to simplify enterprise network operations. It provides capabilities for network automation, assurance, policy-based management, and analytics across both wired and wireless environments. DNA Center supports intent-based networking, translating business objectives into network configurations automatically.

Automation is one of DNA Center’s key capabilities. Network administrators can provision devices, configure VLANs, deploy SSIDs, apply QoS policies, and manage software images centrally. For example, provisioning a new access point or switch in a campus network can be automated, reducing human errors, deployment time, and operational overhead. Policy-based automation ensures consistent configuration across the network and enforces compliance with organizational standards.

Network assurance is another core feature. DNA Center continuously collects telemetry and network performance metrics to detect anomalies, monitor client experience, and predict potential failures. Advanced AI and machine learning algorithms provide proactive insights and root-cause analysis, enabling administrators to resolve issues before they impact users. This level of monitoring is crucial in large enterprise networks where manual troubleshooting would be time-consuming and error-prone.

Policy-based management allows administrators to enforce access policies based on user identity, device type, location, and application requirements. Integration with Cisco ISE enables identity-based segmentation, ensuring that devices receive appropriate network access and maintaining security and compliance. For example, guest devices may be isolated in a specific VLAN while corporate devices receive full access to enterprise resources.

Other solutions provide partial functionality. Cisco ISE enforces access control but does not provide full network automation or assurance. NetFlow offers network traffic visibility but lacks provisioning and policy enforcement capabilities. Prime Infrastructure provides management and monitoring but lacks AI-driven assurance and intent-based automation.

DNA Center also supports Software-Defined Access (SD-Access), creating overlay networks for segmentation and secure traffic flows. This enables dynamic policies that follow users and devices as they move through the network, reducing manual configuration and improving security. Centralized dashboards allow visualization of network health, application performance, and client experience, simplifying network operations and troubleshooting.

From an enterprise perspective, DNA Center improves operational efficiency, security, and reliability. Automated provisioning ensures consistent configurations, network assurance enables proactive problem resolution, and policy enforcement guarantees secure and optimized access for all users and devices. This comprehensive approach aligns with the goals of intent-based networking, transforming traditional network operations into a more agile and intelligent framework.

In conclusion, Cisco DNA Center enables centralized network automation, assurance, and policy-based management across wired and wireless networks, making option B correct.

Question 113:

Which protocol distributes MAC address reachability in VXLAN overlays, reducing flooding in multi-tenant data centers?

A) OSPF
B) STP
C) BGP EVPN
D) RIP

Answer:

C) BGP EVPN

Explanation:

BGP EVPN (Ethernet VPN) is a control-plane protocol used in VXLAN overlays to advertise MAC address reachability between VXLAN Tunnel Endpoints (VTEPs). In traditional Layer 2 networks, unknown unicast, broadcast, and multicast (BUM) traffic is flooded across the network to ensure delivery. In large-scale, multi-tenant data centers, flooding introduces inefficiencies, consumes bandwidth, and increases CPU and memory utilization on switches. BGP EVPN addresses these issues by providing a scalable and deterministic method to distribute MAC address information.

Each VTEP maintains a MAC-to-VTEP mapping learned through BGP EVPN updates. This allows traffic destined for a specific MAC address to be sent directly to the correct VTEP without flooding the network. This approach reduces unnecessary traffic, improves network efficiency, and supports predictable forwarding in large-scale environments. Multi-tenancy is achieved by mapping MAC addresses to VXLAN Network Identifiers (VNIs), ensuring isolation between tenants and preventing cross-tenant traffic leakage.

Other protocols do not provide this functionality. OSPF is a Layer 3 routing protocol and cannot distribute MAC addresses. STP prevents loops in Layer 2 networks but does not provide MAC address advertisement or control-plane learning. RIP is a distance-vector protocol designed for Layer 3 routing and does not manage Layer 2 MAC information.

BGP EVPN also supports advanced features such as active-active multi-homing, load balancing, redundancy, and optimal path selection. Integration with SDN controllers allows centralized policy enforcement, automated provisioning, and network-wide visibility. This ensures high performance, scalability, and operational simplicity in large enterprise and cloud data centers.

From a design perspective, BGP EVPN enhances scalability and efficiency. By eliminating flooding for unknown unicast traffic, it reduces unnecessary load on switches, improves CPU and memory utilization, and ensures deterministic forwarding. Combined with VXLAN, EVPN provides secure and isolated multi-tenant networks that support dynamic workload mobility, microsegmentation, and automated policy enforcement.

In conclusion, BGP EVPN distributes MAC address reachability in VXLAN overlays, reducing flooding in multi-tenant data centers, making option C correct.

Question 114:

Which wireless standard provides high throughput, operates in the 5 GHz band, and supports MU-MIMO for enterprise networks?

A) 802.11b
B) 802.11ac
C) 802.11n
D) 802.11g

Answer:

B) 802.11ac

Explanation:

802.11ac, also known as Wi-Fi 5, is a wireless standard optimized for high-density enterprise deployments. It primarily operates in the 5 GHz frequency band, offering more non-overlapping channels than the 2.4 GHz band, reducing interference, and improving network performance in environments with multiple access points and numerous clients.

One of the distinguishing features of 802.11ac is Multi-User MIMO (MU-MIMO), which allows simultaneous communication with multiple devices. MU-MIMO improves throughput, reduces latency, and optimizes overall network efficiency in high-density deployments such as offices, auditoriums, and conference facilities. Beamforming focuses RF energy toward specific devices, enhancing coverage, signal strength, and reliability.

Higher-order modulation such as 256-QAM and wider channel bandwidths (up to 160 MHz) contribute to increased data rates, supporting bandwidth-intensive applications such as video conferencing, VoIP, cloud collaboration, and large file transfers. Enterprise wireless controllers enable centralized management, seamless roaming, policy enforcement, and real-time monitoring, ensuring a consistent user experience across the network.

Other standards are less suitable for enterprise deployments. 802.11n supports both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz but lacks MU-MIMO and has lower maximum throughput. 802.11b and 802.11g operate in 2.4 GHz with lower data rates and are more susceptible to interference, making them unsuitable for high-density or performance-critical enterprise applications.

In enterprise design, 802.11ac is essential for high-density deployments. Its combination of MU-MIMO, beamforming, high data rates, and centralized management ensures reliable connectivity, efficient spectrum utilization, and the ability to support modern enterprise applications with predictable performance.

In conclusion, 802.11ac provides high throughput, operates in the 5 GHz band, and supports MU-MIMO for enterprise networks, making option B correct.

Question 115:

Which WAN technology offers secure, multi-tenant connectivity, traffic engineering, and QoS guarantees for enterprise sites?

A) MPLS VPN
B) DSL
C) Frame Relay
D) Metro Ethernet

Answer:

A) MPLS VPN

Explanation:

Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) are widely deployed in enterprise WANs to provide secure, high-performance, and scalable connectivity between multiple locations. MPLS uses label-based forwarding to create predetermined Label-Switched Paths (LSPs), enabling traffic engineering, QoS guarantees, and optimal path selection for latency-sensitive applications such as voice, video, and cloud services.

MPLS VPNs support multi-tenant connectivity through Virtual Routing and Forwarding (VRF) instances. Each VRF maintains a separate routing table, allowing overlapping IP addresses and ensuring complete traffic segregation between tenants or business units. Layer 3 MPLS VPNs provide IP-based segmentation, while Layer 2 VPNs (VPLS) extend Ethernet connectivity across the MPLS backbone, supporting legacy or non-IP applications.

Traffic engineering enables administrators to define explicit paths for critical applications, ensuring predictable performance and minimizing congestion. QoS prioritizes high-priority applications, ensuring consistent performance even during peak traffic periods. MPLS VPNs also provide redundancy and rapid failover to maintain reliability and business continuity.

Other WAN technologies have limitations. DSL provides low bandwidth and lacks QoS or multi-tenant support. Frame Relay is a legacy technology with limited performance guarantees. Metro Ethernet offers high-speed connectivity but does not inherently provide multi-tenant segmentation, traffic engineering, or QoS guarantees.

Integration with SD-WAN solutions allows centralized management of VRFs, dynamic provisioning, and consistent policy enforcement across all sites. Enterprises benefit from secure, scalable, and high-performance connectivity that supports hybrid cloud, multi-site, and multi-tenant deployments.

In conclusion, MPLS VPN provides secure, multi-tenant WAN connectivity with traffic engineering and QoS guarantees, making option A correct.

Question 116:

Which routing protocol provides fast convergence, supports unequal-cost load balancing, and is suitable for Cisco-based enterprise networks?

A) RIP
B) EIGRP
C) OSPF
D) BGP

Answer:

B) EIGRP

Explanation:

Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) is a Cisco-proprietary hybrid routing protocol that combines the characteristics of distance-vector and link-state protocols. It is designed to provide fast convergence, loop-free operation, and unequal-cost load balancing, making it ideal for enterprise networks where high availability and efficient bandwidth utilization are required.

EIGRP uses the Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL) to maintain a topology table with feasible successors for each route. This allows routers to quickly switch to backup paths without recalculating the entire network topology, ensuring minimal downtime during network changes. Convergence is therefore extremely fast compared to protocols like RIP, which rely on periodic updates and are slow in adapting to topology changes.

A key feature of EIGRP is unequal-cost load balancing, which can be achieved using the variance command. This allows multiple paths with different metrics to be used for traffic forwarding, provided they meet the feasibility condition. This optimizes link utilization, reduces congestion on high-capacity links, and improves overall network efficiency. For instance, in a campus network with multiple redundant links, traffic can be distributed across different paths based on their calculated metrics, rather than being confined to equal-cost routes only.

EIGRP maintains three critical tables: the neighbor table, topology table, and routing table. The neighbor table tracks all directly connected routers and their statuses. The topology table contains all learned routes and their associated metrics, including feasible successors that can be quickly promoted to the routing table in case of link failure. The routing table stores only the best routes selected for forwarding, which ensures efficient and deterministic packet delivery.

Compared to other protocols, EIGRP offers several advantages. OSPF supports fast convergence but does not natively support unequal-cost load balancing without additional configuration. RIP is limited to 15 hops, converges slowly, and lacks advanced metrics. BGP is primarily intended for inter-domain routing and is not optimized for internal enterprise networks requiring rapid failover and redundancy.

From a design perspective, EIGRP enables hierarchical network topologies with multiple redundant paths, supports IPv4 and IPv6, and integrates seamlessly with Cisco devices. Administrators can implement summarization at network boundaries to reduce routing table size and improve efficiency. Authentication mechanisms ensure that routing updates are secure, mitigating the risk of malicious route injection.

Operationally, EIGRP reduces downtime, improves bandwidth utilization, and simplifies network management. Its ability to handle unequal-cost load balancing makes it ideal for networks with diverse link capacities or backup connections. By supporting both IPv4 and IPv6, EIGRP provides a seamless transition path for enterprises adopting IPv6 while maintaining existing IPv4 infrastructure.

In conclusion, EIGRP provides fast convergence, supports unequal-cost load balancing, and is highly suitable for Cisco-based enterprise networks, making option B correct.

Question 117:

Which Cisco solution enables centralized identity management, dynamic policy enforcement, and secure access control across enterprise networks?

A) Cisco ISE
B) Cisco DNA Center
C) NetFlow
D) ACL

Answer:

A) Cisco ISE

Explanation:

Cisco Identity Services Engine (ISE) is a centralized security solution that provides identity management, policy enforcement, and secure access control for wired, wireless, and VPN enterprise networks. It is a critical component of modern network security architecture, enabling administrators to authenticate, authorize, and account for users and devices consistently across the organization.

ISE integrates with 802.1X, MAC authentication bypass (MAB), and VPN technologies to enforce authentication policies. This ensures that devices and users are validated before gaining access. Authentication can use credentials, digital certificates, or multifactor authentication, providing multiple layers of security. Once authenticated, ISE applies dynamic policies that can enforce VLAN assignment, Security Group Tags (SGTs), access permissions, and QoS policies based on device type, user role, or network location.

Dynamic policy enforcement allows organizations to implement microsegmentation, isolating workloads and limiting lateral movement of potential threats. For example, corporate laptops may have full access to internal resources, while guest devices are placed in restricted VLANs with limited permissions. This approach enhances security without adding operational complexity.

Posture assessment is another critical function. ISE evaluates devices for compliance with security standards, such as antivirus presence, OS patch level, and firewall configuration. Non-compliant devices can be quarantined or redirected to remediation networks until they meet the security criteria. This ensures that only secure endpoints gain network access, reducing risk to enterprise resources.

ISE also provides centralized reporting and monitoring, allowing administrators to track user sessions, generate audit logs, and integrate with Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) systems for automated threat detection. This visibility enhances operational efficiency, regulatory compliance, and incident response capabilities.

Other solutions offer partial functionality. Cisco DNA Center provides network automation and assurance but relies on ISE for identity-based security enforcement. NetFlow offers network visibility but cannot enforce access control. ACLs provide basic access restrictions but lack centralized management and dynamic enforcement capabilities.

ISE integrates with Software-Defined Access (SD-Access) to enable dynamic segmentation across campus, branch, and remote locations. Policies can follow users and devices as they move through the network, maintaining security consistently without manual reconfiguration. The platform supports both IPv4 and IPv6 environments and scales to accommodate thousands of users and devices.

Operationally, ISE reduces administrative overhead by centralizing identity management, enforces consistent access policies, and enhances security visibility. It supports multi-factor authentication, endpoint profiling, and guest management, making it a versatile solution for modern enterprises adopting cloud, BYOD, and IoT technologies.

In conclusion, Cisco ISE enables centralized identity management, dynamic policy enforcement, and secure access control across enterprise networks, making option A correct.

Question 118:

Which data center technology enables Layer 2 overlays, multi-tenant segmentation, and reduces broadcast traffic in modern networks?

A) VLAN
B) VXLAN with BGP EVPN
C) GRE Tunnel
D) STP

Answer:

B) VXLAN with BGP EVPN

Explanation:

VXLAN (Virtual Extensible LAN) with BGP EVPN (Ethernet VPN) is a modern data center technology that allows Layer 2 networks to be extended over Layer 3 infrastructure while providing multi-tenant segmentation and efficient traffic forwarding. VXLAN addresses limitations of VLANs, including the 4,096 VLAN ID restriction and the inefficiencies of broadcast-based learning.

VXLAN encapsulates Ethernet frames in UDP packets for transport over IP networks. VXLAN Tunnel Endpoints (VTEPs) handle encapsulation and decapsulation at network edges, decoupling logical Layer 2 networks from the physical topology. This allows virtual machines or workloads to communicate across physical boundaries seamlessly. The decoupling also supports workload mobility and flexible network design without disrupting connectivity.

BGP EVPN provides a control-plane mechanism for distributing MAC address information across VTEPs. This eliminates flooding for unknown unicast, broadcast, and multicast traffic (BUM), reducing bandwidth consumption and CPU load on devices. EVPN also ensures tenant isolation by mapping MAC addresses to VXLAN Network Identifiers (VNIs), preventing cross-tenant traffic leakage and maintaining secure segmentation.

Other technologies are limited. VLANs are constrained by ID limitations and rely on flooding, which is inefficient in large-scale environments. GRE tunnels provide encapsulation but lack control-plane learning and multi-tenant awareness. STP prevents loops but does not provide overlay functionality or tenant isolation.

VXLAN with BGP EVPN supports active-active multi-homing, redundancy, load balancing, and optimal path selection. Integration with SDN controllers such as Cisco ACI or DNA Center enables centralized provisioning, automated policy enforcement, and real-time monitoring. Administrators can define policies per tenant or application, implement microsegmentation, and ensure secure traffic flows.

Operationally, VXLAN with BGP EVPN reduces broadcast traffic, enhances scalability, and provides predictable forwarding. It allows enterprises to deploy multi-tenant data centers, automate workload mobility, and enforce security policies consistently, improving efficiency, security, and operational simplicity.

In conclusion, VXLAN with BGP EVPN enables Layer 2 overlays, multi-tenant segmentation, and reduces broadcast traffic in modern data center networks, making option B correct.

Question 119:

Which wireless standard operates in the 5 GHz band, supports MU-MIMO, and is ideal for high-density enterprise deployments?

A) 802.11n
B) 802.11ac
C) 802.11b
D) 802.11g

Answer:

B) 802.11ac

Explanation:

802.11ac, also known as Wi-Fi 5, is a wireless standard optimized for high-throughput and high-density enterprise networks. It primarily operates in the 5 GHz band, which provides more non-overlapping channels than the 2.4 GHz band, reducing interference and increasing network performance in environments with multiple access points and clients.

A distinguishing feature of 802.11ac is Multi-User MIMO (MU-MIMO), which allows simultaneous transmission to multiple devices. MU-MIMO improves network efficiency, reduces latency, and enhances overall throughput, making it ideal for environments with heavy video, VoIP, cloud services, and multiple concurrent users. Beamforming technology further focuses RF energy toward specific clients, increasing signal strength and reliability.

Higher-order modulation (256-QAM) and wider channel bandwidths (up to 160 MHz) enable higher data rates compared to previous standards. Enterprise wireless controllers provide centralized management, seamless roaming, and policy enforcement, ensuring a consistent user experience across high-density areas.

Other standards have limitations. 802.11n operates in both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz but lacks MU-MIMO and offers lower throughput. 802.11b and 802.11g are legacy standards with lower speeds, higher interference susceptibility, and are unsuitable for high-density enterprise environments.

In enterprise deployments, 802.11ac supports bandwidth-intensive applications, ensures reliable client connectivity, and allows IT teams to manage large-scale wireless networks efficiently. Its combination of MU-MIMO, beamforming, and high throughput provides predictable performance and scalability in dense environments.

In conclusion, 802.11ac operates in the 5 GHz band, supports MU-MIMO, and is ideal for high-density enterprise deployments, making option B correct.

Question 120:

Which WAN technology provides secure, multi-tenant connectivity, QoS guarantees, and traffic engineering for enterprise sites?

A) MPLS VPN
B) DSL
C) Frame Relay
D) Metro Ethernet

Answer:

A) MPLS VPN

Explanation:

Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) are a core technology for enterprise WANs, providing secure, scalable, and high-performance connectivity between multiple sites. MPLS uses label-based forwarding to direct traffic along predetermined Label-Switched Paths (LSPs), enabling traffic engineering, Quality of Service (QoS), and reliable path selection for critical applications such as voice, video, and cloud services.

MPLS VPNs support multi-tenant connectivity through Virtual Routing and Forwarding (VRF) instances. Each VRF maintains a separate routing table, allowing overlapping IP addresses and complete traffic segregation between tenants or business units. Layer 3 MPLS VPNs provide IP-based segmentation, while Layer 2 VPNs (VPLS) extend Ethernet connectivity across the MPLS backbone for legacy or non-IP traffic.

Traffic engineering ensures predictable performance by directing high-priority traffic along optimal paths and avoiding congested links. QoS policies guarantee service levels for latency-sensitive applications, maintaining consistent performance even during peak traffic periods. MPLS VPNs also provide redundancy and rapid failover, ensuring high availability for mission-critical services.

Other WAN technologies are limited. DSL offers low bandwidth and lacks inherent QoS or multi-tenant segmentation. Frame Relay is a legacy technology with minimal guarantees. Metro Ethernet provides high-speed connectivity but does not natively provide multi-tenant segmentation, traffic engineering, or end-to-end QoS guarantees.

Integration with SD-WAN solutions allows centralized policy enforcement, dynamic provisioning, and management of VRFs across multiple sites. Enterprises benefit from secure, scalable, and high-performance connectivity supporting hybrid cloud, multi-site deployments, and critical business applications.

In conclusion, MPLS VPN provides secure, multi-tenant WAN connectivity, traffic engineering, and QoS guarantees, making option A correct.