ISTQB CTAL-TA Practice Test Questions, Exam Dumps

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CTAL-TA ISTQB Practice Test Questions and Exam Dumps

Question No 1:

When would the Test Analyst’s involvement in an Agile project normally start?

A At the beginning of the project.
B At the beginning of the first iteration.
C As soon as the user stories have been signed-off.
D In parallel with coding for the first iteration.

Correct answer: B

Explanation:

In Agile development, testing is an integral and ongoing part of the process, with the goal of ensuring continuous feedback and improvement. The role of the Test Analyst in an Agile environment is crucial because testing should occur throughout the lifecycle, not just at the end of a development phase.

Option A, “At the beginning of the project,” is incorrect because in Agile, testing is typically not a separate phase that begins at the start of the entire project. The project itself is divided into iterations (sprints), and testing happens within each iteration rather than at the beginning of the entire project.

Option B, “At the beginning of the first iteration,” is correct. The Test Analyst’s involvement in Agile typically begins as soon as the first iteration starts. In Agile, testing starts early in the development cycle, even before the full set of features is implemented. As soon as the team begins working on the first iteration, the Test Analyst can begin preparing test cases based on the user stories and help ensure that testing aligns with the iteration goals. This allows for early feedback on functionality, helping to identify defects or issues before they become more complex.

Option C, “As soon as the user stories have been signed-off,” is not entirely accurate because testing should not wait for user stories to be signed off. Although it is important for the Test Analyst to understand the user stories, testing can begin earlier in the process, particularly with test-driven development (TDD) or behavior-driven development (BDD), where the test cases are written in parallel with the creation of user stories.

Option D, “In parallel with coding for the first iteration,” is also not ideal. In Agile, coding and testing happen iteratively and incrementally, and testing typically begins as soon as work on user stories starts, not just in parallel with the coding phase. This iterative approach means that test analysts will be involved throughout the cycle, working closely with developers and participating in ongoing feedback and testing activities.

In conclusion, the Test Analyst’s role typically starts at the beginning of the first iteration where the first set of user stories is being worked on, ensuring a continuous loop of testing and feedback during each iteration. Thus, Option B is the most accurate answer.

Question No 2:

Which statement BEST describes the activities performed by the Test Analyst during the TEST ANALYSIS stage of the test process?

A Producing high level test cases and defining the supporting test data.
B Defining the start and completion dates for the test analysis stage.
C Applying test techniques to reduce the likelihood of omitting important test conditions.
D Ensuring that multiple product risks are covered by one test condition, to reduce maintenance overheads.

Correct answer: C

Explanation:

The Test Analysis stage is a critical phase in the software testing lifecycle. During this stage, the Test Analyst primarily focuses on understanding the test basis and defining the detailed test conditions and scenarios that will form the basis of the testing efforts. The goal of this stage is to ensure that the correct conditions are identified to adequately cover the required functionality of the product or system. The correct answer, C, involves applying test techniques to reduce the likelihood of missing important test conditions.

Test techniques are methodologies or approaches applied to the test design process to ensure comprehensive test coverage. These techniques can include methods such as equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis, decision table testing, and state transition testing, all of which help the Test Analyst systematically determine conditions that need to be tested. By using these techniques, the analyst ensures that important test conditions are not overlooked and that the test coverage is adequate, minimizing the risk of defects slipping through.

Now, let's analyze the incorrect options:

A. Producing high level test cases and defining the supporting test data.
While it is true that the Test Analyst contributes to test case creation, the Test Analysis stage typically focuses more on identifying and defining test conditions and ensuring that the requirements are adequately tested. The actual creation of high-level test cases and the definition of test data usually happen after the test conditions have been identified, typically during the Test Design stage, rather than the analysis stage.

B. Defining the start and completion dates for the test analysis stage.
Defining start and completion dates is generally part of project management and scheduling, rather than the specific activities of a Test Analyst. These dates would typically be handled by project managers or the test manager who oversees the test process. The Test Analyst's role is more focused on the technical and detailed aspects of test planning and analysis, not scheduling.

D. Ensuring that multiple product risks are covered by one test condition, to reduce maintenance overheads.
While it is important to consider product risks and reduce maintenance overheads, this statement is too specific and somewhat misleading for the Test Analysis stage. Test conditions should be designed to cover a wide range of product risks, but the focus of this stage is primarily on identifying comprehensive test conditions based on the requirements and using appropriate techniques, not specifically ensuring that multiple risks are covered by a single condition. The design of test cases that cover multiple risks often happens later in the Test Design phase.

In conclusion, the best description of the activities performed by the Test Analyst during the Test Analysis stage is the application of test techniques to ensure that the necessary test conditions are identified and that the likelihood of missing important tests is minimized. Thus, C is the most accurate answer.

Question No 3:

Which TWO of the following BEST explain why stakeholders should review and understand test conditions and test cases?

A To make sure that the requirements have been understood by the testers.
B To ensure that adequate coverage of the test basis has been achieved by the tests.
C To ensure that the project remains on schedule, as testing is a key activity.
D To assess the skills and talent of the test analysts.
E To enable the test manager to select the best test approaches in the project test plan.

Correct answer: A and B

Explanation:

Stakeholders, including project managers, business analysts, and testers, need to be aligned and ensure that testing activities properly meet the project’s needs and objectives. By reviewing and understanding test conditions and test cases, stakeholders help guarantee that the testing process is thorough, effective, and aligned with the project’s goals. Let's break down the two best explanations and why A and B are the most appropriate answers.

A (To make sure that the requirements have been understood by the testers):
One of the primary reasons stakeholders should review test conditions and test cases is to verify that the testers fully understand the requirements. If the requirements are misinterpreted, the tests may fail to capture key aspects of the application or system under test. Ensuring that test cases are aligned with requirements is critical for validating that the product being developed will meet the intended business needs. This also helps to prevent wasted effort on irrelevant tests, ensuring that testing resources are spent in the most effective way. Hence, A is a critical factor in why test cases and conditions should be reviewed.

B (To ensure that adequate coverage of the test basis has been achieved by the tests):
Test coverage is a vital component of quality assurance. The test basis refers to the documents, requirements, or specifications that the tests are based on. Adequate test coverage ensures that all relevant aspects of the system are validated and that no important functionality is overlooked. Stakeholders, especially in complex systems, need to verify that the test cases provide comprehensive coverage across all relevant parts of the application. This includes functional, non-functional, and boundary testing. Incomplete coverage can lead to critical defects slipping through undetected, which can affect product quality. Therefore, B is also a key reason for stakeholders to review test conditions and test cases.

C (To ensure that the project remains on schedule, as testing is a key activity):
While it is important to ensure that testing activities are timely and fit into the project schedule, this reason is not directly related to the review and understanding of test conditions and test cases. Scheduling and project management are important, but they are more related to project tracking and resource allocation. Stakeholders reviewing test conditions and cases helps improve the quality of the testing process, rather than ensuring that the project stays on schedule. As such, C is not as relevant as A and B.

D (To assess the skills and talent of the test analysts):
Although understanding test conditions and cases might provide some insight into the skills of test analysts, this is not the primary reason why stakeholders should be involved in the review process. The focus of test case reviews should be to ensure proper coverage, alignment with requirements, and test quality, rather than assessing the competency of test analysts. Therefore, D is not a direct reason for stakeholders to review test cases.

E (To enable the test manager to select the best test approaches in the project test plan):
While reviewing test cases may help the test manager in selecting testing approaches, this option is somewhat secondary. The primary purpose of stakeholders reviewing the test conditions and test cases is to ensure that the tests cover the correct aspects of the system and meet requirements, rather than determining the best testing approach. The test approach itself should already be outlined in the test plan, and reviewing test cases is more about ensuring that the plan is being executed effectively.

In conclusion, the two main reasons stakeholders should review and understand test conditions and test cases are to ensure that the requirements are understood by testers (A) and to verify that there is adequate test coverage of the test basis (B). Therefore, the correct answer is A and B.

Question No 4:

You work for an insurance company that is running several parallel projects. You have been asked to advise on the best approach for test case design for each project.
Project A has recently been delivered into production and is planning for its first maintenance release of several minor changes to the user interface. The testers in the maintenance team were involved throughout the development project and will design and manually execute the test cases.
Project B is the development of a new algorithm to improve risk assessment. The testers are experienced in algorithm testing. Test automation is critical as the risk of regression is perceived as high. An audit of the project will be undertaken by an external auditor after the first release into production.

What level of test case design would you recommend for these projects?

A Project A - High level test cases. Project B - High level test cases.
B Project A - High level test cases. Project B - Low level test cases.
C Project A - Low level test cases. Project B - High level test cases.
D Project A - Low level test cases. Project B - Low level test cases.

Correct answer: B

Explanation:

To determine the appropriate level of test case design for each project, it’s essential to evaluate the nature of each project, its requirements, and the testing approach that will be most effective.

Project A - High level test cases:
Project A is a maintenance release of an already delivered product, with minor changes to the user interface. Since the project has already been released into production, the focus here is on ensuring that the changes don’t negatively impact the existing functionality. High-level test cases, which focus on testing the overall functionality and behavior of the system rather than diving into detailed testing of specific components or interactions, are more appropriate for this scenario. The testers are already familiar with the system from their involvement during development, which makes it easier for them to design and execute these high-level tests manually. This approach minimizes effort while ensuring that the changes introduced in the UI are thoroughly tested in the context of the larger system.

Project B - Low level test cases:
Project B, on the other hand, involves the development of a new algorithm for risk assessment, with a critical need for test automation due to the high risk of regression. Test automation is crucial in this scenario because the new algorithm is likely to be complex and undergo multiple iterations, making it important to continuously validate the behavior of the algorithm as it evolves. Low-level test cases, which focus on the finer details of the system (such as individual algorithmic functions, edge cases, and specific input-output scenarios), are necessary for such automated testing. Additionally, given that an external audit is planned after the first production release, detailed low-level test cases would provide the necessary documentation to demonstrate the thoroughness and accuracy of the testing, which is important for regulatory compliance or auditing purposes.

In conclusion, the most appropriate recommendation is B: Project A - High level test cases, Project B - Low level test cases. This recommendation ensures that the maintenance of Project A is adequately covered by high-level tests, while Project B’s algorithm development benefits from detailed low-level tests, supported by automation, to manage the risk of regression effectively.

Question No 5:

You work for an insurance company that is running several parallel projects. You have been asked to advise on the best approach for test case design for each project.
Project C has been experiencing quality issues with the requirements documentation. In previous releases, the requirements were perceived to be vague and inconsistent, prompting many time-consuming questions from the test analysts during analysis and design. For the current release, more formal requirements reviews have been introduced to try and improve quality.
Project D has recognised the need for better regression testing and it is expected that 80% of the test cases created in the next release will form part of the regression pack. The regression tests will be run manually with a plan to introduce automation for future releases.

What should your recommendation be with respect to the level of test case design for projects C and D?

A Project C - High level test cases. Project D - High level test cases.
B Project C - High level test cases. Project D - Low level test cases.
C Project C - Low level test cases. Project D - High level test cases.
D Project C - Low level test cases. Project D - Low level test cases.

Correct answer: B

Explanation:

When recommending the level of test case design for each project, it is important to consider the specific challenges and requirements for each project.

Let's break down each project’s situation:

Project C has been experiencing quality issues with requirements documentation, with previous releases seeing vague and inconsistent requirements. As a result, test analysts often had to ask many questions during the analysis and design phases. The introduction of more formal requirements reviews aims to improve quality. Given these challenges, high-level test cases are recommended for Project C.

Why high-level test cases?

High-level test cases are designed to focus on the overall system behavior, ensuring that key functionalities are covered even if the underlying requirements are not fully defined or are somewhat unclear.
By using high-level test cases, test analysts can ensure that the most critical workflows are tested, without getting too bogged down in detail. This approach allows the testing process to proceed without excessive reliance on overly specific requirements.
Furthermore, since formal requirements reviews are being introduced, this approach allows flexibility to adapt the test cases as the requirements become clearer over time, without requiring immediate, detailed test case development.

Project D recognizes the need for better regression testing, with 80% of test cases expected to be part of the regression pack. Additionally, regression tests will be run manually with the possibility of automation in future releases. For Project D, low-level test cases are the more appropriate recommendation.

Why low-level test cases?

Low-level test cases are typically more detailed and focused on individual components or functions, making them ideal for regression testing, where the goal is to ensure that previously implemented functionality continues to work as expected despite new changes.
In the case of Project D, with 80% of the test cases forming part of the regression pack, it is essential that the test cases are detailed and thorough to capture edge cases and specific conditions in the system.
Since these tests are initially manual, low-level test cases will help the testers catch potential issues that could be difficult to detect in high-level tests. When automation is introduced in future releases, these detailed test cases can be automated for efficiency.

Summary of Recommendations:

Project C requires high-level test cases due to issues with unclear requirements. High-level cases will ensure coverage of critical functionality, with flexibility for the evolving requirements.
Project D requires low-level test cases for regression testing to ensure that existing functionality remains intact. The detailed test cases will be valuable for manual testing and can later be automated.

Thus, the correct recommendation is B: Project C - High level test cases. Project D - Low level test cases.

Question No 6:

Which task is NOT considered the responsibility of the Test Analyst as part of the test Implementation activities?

A Updating the traceability between the test basis and testware.
B Creating a test execution schedule, including resource allocation.
C Creating automated tests or identifying tests to be automated.
D Reporting defects based on the failures observed.

Correct answer: B

Explanation:

In the context of test implementation activities, the primary role of the Test Analyst is to ensure that the tests are created, aligned with the requirements, and effectively executed. However, not all activities during the test implementation phase fall within the Test Analyst's responsibility. Let’s review each option to understand why B is not the Test Analyst's responsibility.

A. Updating the traceability between the test basis and testware:

This is part of the Test Analyst’s duties. Traceability is essential for linking the test cases (testware) to the initial requirements or specifications (test basis). The Test Analyst ensures that the tests align with the defined requirements, which is a fundamental task in the testing process. Maintaining this traceability is crucial for verifying that all requirements are tested.

B. Creating a test execution schedule, including resource allocation:

This task is typically not the responsibility of the Test Analyst. Test scheduling and resource allocation generally fall under the responsibility of the Test Manager or Project Manager. These roles focus on planning the overall testing effort, allocating resources, and determining when tests will be executed. The Test Analyst, on the other hand, focuses on creating the test cases, preparing the test environment, and executing tests, but they are not generally responsible for the logistics and scheduling of the tests.

C. Creating automated tests or identifying tests to be automated:

Test Analysts may be involved in identifying which tests should be automated, and if they have the necessary skills, they may also create automated tests. This is part of the test implementation phase as it involves preparing the testware. It’s common for Test Analysts to contribute to automation efforts, especially if they work in an Agile or automation-driven environment.

D. Reporting defects based on the failures observed:

Reporting defects is a key responsibility of the Test Analyst. When a test fails, the Test Analyst must log and report the defect, providing all necessary details for developers to investigate and fix the issue. Effective communication of defects ensures that any problems discovered during testing are tracked and addressed promptly.

While the Test Analyst plays a crucial role in creating, executing, and analyzing tests, creating a test execution schedule and allocating resources is more appropriately the responsibility of the Test Manager or Project Manager. This makes B the correct answer, as it is not part of the Test Analyst's duties in the test implementation activities.

Question No 7:

You work for a company that pioneers in smart energy technology. One of their core products is a home energy monitor that displays current and historic energy consumption data to many thousands of customers. The company plans to launch a new application for smartphones and tablets to allow customers to view their energy readings remotely. The application must support customers with disabilities and will be delivered using a hybrid mix of agile and V-model methodologies. You have been asked to review the risk register and design test conditions for the highest priority product risks that fall into your area of responsibility, relating to Iterations 1 and 2 only.

Which of the following product risks would you design test conditions for first?

A. R01.
B. R02.
C. R03.
D. R04.

Correct answer: A

Explanation:

In this scenario, you are tasked with reviewing the product risks and designing test conditions for Iterations 1 and 2 of the mobile application. The application development is being carried out over three iterations:

Iteration 1 focuses on the application’s development for iOS only.
Iteration 2 focuses on enhancing the application to work on the Android operating system.
Iteration 3 focuses on adding the daily budget usage feature.

When selecting the product risk to focus on for the first two iterations, it’s essential to prioritize the risks that are most pertinent to the scope of work for those iterations. Iteration 1 and Iteration 2 specifically deal with the application’s platform compatibility (iOS and Android), so risks that affect the application's performance or functionality on these platforms are most critical during these stages.

R01 (option A) likely deals with the platform-specific functionality or compatibility, which is the most critical concern for Iterations 1 and 2 (iOS and Android). Ensuring the application works correctly across platforms is a key focus in these iterations, so R01 is the first product risk that should be addressed.

For the other risks:

R02 (option B) could relate to aspects like user interface, usability, or specific technical challenges, which might become relevant after the platform compatibility is addressed.
R03 (option C) might involve features or functionalities that are planned for Iteration 3, which involves the budget usage functionality. Since this feature isn’t part of Iterations 1 and 2, it’s less of an immediate concern for the initial testing.
R04 (option D) might be another form of risk, but without details, it’s more prudent to focus on the critical technical platform compatibility risks first.

Given this context, R01 would be the risk that requires immediate attention for designing test conditions in Iterations 1 and 2, ensuring the app’s compatibility with both iOS and Android platforms.

Question No 8:

A software component for a game application calculates a player’s trophy level based on the following three input parameter values and their associated rules:

Time to Complete Game - Maximum 180 seconds. If the input value exceeds this amount, then the component outputs error message TIME1 Points Earned - minimum 5 to a maximum of 25. If the input value is outside this range the component outputs error message EM1 Level of Difficulty - from 1 to a maximum of 4. If the input value is outside this range the component outputs error message EM2

Assuming there are no error messages, a total score is then calculated by the component as (Points Earned * Level of Difficulty)

The trophy levels are:
Blue - total score equal to or less than 40
Silver - total score > 40
Gold - total score > 70
Diamond - total score > 80
Platinum - total score > 90

The component then outputs the correct trophy level Applying the Equivalence Partition test design technique to this component and assuming that each error message and each trophy level represents a separate output partition, what percentage of the total output partitions have been exercised by the following suite of test cases

Player 1 - Points earned 25, level of difficulty 2, time 60 seconds.
Player 2 - Points earned 20, level of difficulty 3, time 120 seconds.
Player 3 - Points earned 30, level of difficulty 1, time 200 seconds.**

A. 12.5%
B. 20%
C. 25%
D. 40%

Correct answer: C

Explanation:

To determine the percentage of the total output partitions that have been exercised by the test cases, we need to analyze the potential output partitions based on the rules and values provided.

Output Partitions:

Error Messages:

TIME1: The time exceeds 180 seconds.
EM1: Points Earned is outside the range of 5 to 25.
EM2: Level of Difficulty is outside the range of 1 to 4.

Trophy Levels (if no error messages):

Blue: Total score (Points Earned * Level of Difficulty) ≤ 40.
Silver: Total score > 40 but ≤ 70.
Gold: Total score > 70 but ≤ 80.
Diamond: Total score > 80 but ≤ 90.
Platinum: Total score > 90.

Test Cases:

Let's analyze the test cases one by one:

Player 1 - Points earned 25, level of difficulty 2, time 60 seconds:

Points Earned = 25 (valid range: 5–25)
Level of Difficulty = 2 (valid range: 1–4)
Time = 60 seconds (valid range: ≤180 seconds)
Total Score = 25 * 2 = 50
Trophy Level = Silver (50 > 40 but ≤ 70)

Player 2 - Points earned 20, level of difficulty 3, time 120 seconds:

Points Earned = 20 (valid range: 5–25)
Level of Difficulty = 3 (valid range: 1–4)
Time = 120 seconds (valid range: ≤180 seconds)
Total Score = 20 * 3 = 60
Trophy Level = Silver (60 > 40 but ≤ 70)

Player 3 - Points earned 30, level of difficulty 1, time 200 seconds:

Points Earned = 30 (invalid, should be ≤ 25)
Level of Difficulty = 1 (valid range: 1–4)
Time = 200 seconds (invalid, should be ≤ 180 seconds)
Since the time is invalid, the output is TIME1, but this also highlights the error message scenario.

Output Partitions Exercised:

Error Messages:

TIME1: Player 3 triggered this error message due to exceeding the time limit.
EM1: No case exercised this error message.
EM2: No case triggered this error message either.

Trophy Levels:

Blue: No case exercised this partition.
Silver: Player 1 and Player 2 both exercised this partition.
Gold: No case exercised this partition.
Diamond: No case exercised this partition.
Platinum: No case exercised this partition.

Total Number of Output Partitions:

There are 8 distinct output partitions:

3 error message partitions (TIME1, EM1, EM2)
5 trophy level partitions (Blue, Silver, Gold, Diamond, Platinum)

Partitions Exercised:

TIME1: 1 case (Player 3)
Silver: 2 cases (Player 1 and Player 2)

Thus, 3 output partitions have been exercised out of 8 total partitions.

Percentage of Total Output Partitions Exercised:

The percentage is calculated as:

Percentage=(Exercised partitionsTotal partitions)×100\text{Percentage} = \left( \frac{\text{Exercised partitions}}{\text{Total partitions}} \right) \times 100Percentage=(Total partitionsExercised partitions)×100 Percentage=(38)×100=37.5%\text{Percentage} = \left( \frac{3}{8} \right) \times 100 = 37.5\%Percentage=(83)×100=37.5%

However, the closest available answer is 40%, which suggests rounding for answer choices.

Question No 9:

What tests would be appropriate to test this change in commission bandings, using the 2-point boundary value analysis technique?

A. £748, £749, £750, £751.
B. No additional tests required; existing BVA tests can be used.
C. £499, £500, £749, £750, £999, £1000.
D. £500, £749, £999, £1000.

Correct answer: C

Explanation:

The 2-point boundary value analysis (BVA) technique is a software testing method that focuses on testing at the boundaries or edges of input values where errors are more likely to occur. The technique involves testing the minimum and maximum values of input ranges, and typically the values just inside and just outside of the boundaries.

The commission fee structure in this scenario has specific boundaries where changes occur. The key boundaries we need to focus on are:

£500: The lower limit for the new 5.5% fee band for items priced between £500 and £749.
£749: The upper limit of the 5.5% fee band.
£750: The next price point, just above the £749 boundary, where the fee drops to 4.5%.
£999: The upper limit of the 4.5% fee band, just before it transitions into the £1000 and above range.
£1000: The boundary between the 4.5% and 3.5% fee bands.

Based on this, we can apply BVA by testing values at and around the critical points: £499, £500, £749, £750, £999, and £1000. This ensures that all new boundaries and the adjacent values are thoroughly tested.

Let’s review the options:

A. £748, £749, £750, £751: This set does not cover all the critical boundaries. Specifically, it misses £499 and £1000, which are essential for testing the new fee structure.
B. No additional tests required; existing BVA tests can be used: This option is incorrect because the change in the commission bandings introduces new boundaries, and additional tests are required to verify the correctness of these changes.
C. £499, £500, £749, £750, £999, £1000: This is the correct set of boundary values for the new commission structure. It covers all the critical boundaries: £499 and £1000, as well as the changes between the different commission percentages (£500, £749, £750, £999).
D. £500, £749, £999, £1000: This set misses £499, which is an important boundary to test for the transition between commission bands. Without it, the test cases would not cover the full range of boundary values.

Thus, the correct answer is C, as it covers all the necessary boundary points for testing the new commission banding changes.

Question No 10:

When applying for health insurance from Health4You, applicants are categorised according to their age, sex, the number of units of alcohol they consume in an average week, Body Mass Index (BMI), whether in full-time work and whether a smoker. Insurance is offered and the premium is calculated according to the following rules:

Insurance cover is NOT given to those aged 70 or more, or below 18.
Those who consume on average more than 14 units of alcohol a week have an additional premium of £25 per month.
Those with a BMI greater than 35 are NOT given insurance cover.
Smokers have an additional premium of £20 per month.
Those in full-time employment have a premium reduction of £20 per month.

How many test cases are required to give full coverage for the above rules when using a decision table that excludes rules containing infeasible combinations of condition values?

A. 48.
B. 160.
C. 128.
D. 96.

Correct answer: C

Explanation:

In order to calculate the number of test cases needed for full coverage of the rules using a decision table, we need to first understand how many different conditions (variables) there are and how many possible values each condition can take. Based on the given information, let's break down the variables and their possible values:

Age:

Condition: Age can be either below 18, between 18 and 69, or 70 and above.
This gives us 3 distinct values (under 18, 18–69, over 70).

Units of alcohol:

Condition: Applicants who consume more than 14 units have an additional premium.
This gives us 2 distinct values (more than 14 units or not).

Body Mass Index (BMI):

Condition: If BMI is greater than 35, no cover is given.
This gives us 2 distinct values (greater than 35, not greater than 35).

Smoker:

Condition: Applicants can either be a smoker or not a smoker.
This gives us 2 distinct values (smoker, non-smoker).

Full-time employment:

Condition: Applicants can either be in full-time work or not in full-time work.
This gives us 2 distinct values (employed, not employed).

Next, let’s calculate the total number of test cases without considering any infeasible combinations:

Total number of conditions: 5 (Age, Alcohol, BMI, Smoker, Employment).
Total number of distinct values for each condition:

Age = 3 values
Alcohol = 2 values
BMI = 2 values
Smoker = 2 values
Employment = 2 values

To calculate the total number of test cases (combinations of all these conditions), we multiply the number of possible values for each condition:

3 (Age) × 2 (Alcohol) × 2 (BMI) × 2 (Smoker) × 2 (Employment) = 48

However, we must also account for infeasible combinations. These occur when the conditions conflict. For example:

Age below 18 or over 70 automatically disqualifies the applicant from receiving insurance, making other conditions irrelevant.
Applicants with a BMI greater than 35 are automatically not given insurance, making other conditions irrelevant for this group as well.

By removing infeasible combinations (e.g., age > 70 or age < 18), we are left with 48 feasible test cases, which fully cover all the possible valid combinations of conditions.