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Question 40
An office's 1000BASE-T link uses a 140-meter permanent copper run. It remains up but accumulates input CRC errors; the engineer also suspects inconsistent peer settings. Which two PHY-related conditions should be checked before changing the IP routing?
- Verify the installed copper channel length and the peers' speed/duplex negotiation
- Change the IPv4 gateway to an alternate next hop without inspecting the Ethernet segment
- Add all VLANs to the 802.1Q trunk allowed list to eliminate CRC corruption
- Increase the IPv4 MTU so oversize frames are no longer detected as FCS errors
Explanation
Correct Answer
A:1000BASE-T is designed for a standards-compliant copper channel rather than a 140-meter run; inspect cabling certification and both ends' supported speed/duplex negotiation to isolate physical errors.
Incorrect Answers
B:Changing a route might bypass the link but cannot diagnose or correct an out-of-spec physical channel or inconsistent link partner settings.
C:A VLAN permission list governs logical transport of tagged frames, not electrical signal integrity on overlength copper pairs.
D:IP MTU changes packet sizing and possible fragmentation; they cannot correct corrupted FCS bits caused by cable loss or PHY mismatch.
Question 41
A switchport remains up but receives corrupted frames. Which monotonic counters would help verify that FCS corruption is occurring rather than an OSPF route problem?
- Check only IP route preference values and conclude whether Ethernet FCS is invalid
- Read the output packet count while ignoring receive CRC/FCS error counts
- Inspect increasing CRC or FCS error counters
- Inspect only the STP root port role for VLAN 10
Explanation
Correct Answer
C:CRC and FCS failures indicate damaged or corrupted Ethernet frame integrity.
Incorrect Answers
A:RIB attributes do not expose corrupted Ethernet frame detection.
B:Packet totals cannot distinguish valid from corrupted frames as specifically as FCS error counters.
D:STP state does not enumerate the received frame-check-sequence failures on the link.
Question 42
A 100-Mb/s Ethernet peer has been forced to half duplex while the local switch is fixed to full duplex; connectivity exists but collisions and frame errors increase. What should the engineer compare across the two ends?
- Compare VLAN IDs and ignore the two Ethernet ends’ duplex settings
- Compare each peer’s speed and duplex settings
- Compare only the OSPF interface hello timers
- Change the default gateway instead of checking hardware link parameters
Explanation
Correct Answer
B:A half-versus-full duplex mismatch often yields collisions and performance problems.
Incorrect Answers
A:VLAN membership does not explain late collisions and errors from forced half/full duplex disagreement.
C:OSPF timers are unrelated to an Ethernet duplex mismatch at the PHY/MAC layer.
D:Gateway selection does not fix peer speed and duplex disagreement.
Question 43
A 1-Gb/s-capable switch uplink is unexpectedly negotiating at 100 Mb/s. Both interfaces are physically up, and the operator needs the **currently negotiated operational rate** rather than a record of configured duplex or frame errors. Which read-only measurement directly answers the question?
- Check operational speed on both linked interfaces
- Compare configured duplex modes without checking negotiated speed
- Inspect CRC/FCS counters to estimate the actual link speed
- Check whether either interface is administratively down, without reading speed
Explanation
Correct Answer
A:The operational interface status includes the speed the link is actually using. Checking both ends establishes whether the link negotiated at 100 Mb/s or 1 Gb/s.
Incorrect Answers
B:Duplex compatibility matters for errors, but matching duplex settings does not report the presently negotiated rate.
C:CRC/FCS counters expose frame-integrity problems, not the operational PHY bit rate.
D:Both ports are already up; administrative state cannot distinguish negotiated 100-Mb/s from 1-Gb/s service.
Question 44
A fiber module supports digital optical monitoring, and users report intermittent loss caused by a marginal receive signal. Which optical telemetry measurement is most directly relevant?
- Inspect DOM optical receive-power readings when supported
- Inspect only average IP throughput instead of the optical module’s receive power
- Read the VLAN trunk allowed list instead of DOM receive light
- Inspect OSPF cost and assume it reports optical dBm measurements
Explanation
Correct Answer
A:Digital optical monitoring can expose low receive power or light-level problems.
Incorrect Answers
B:Average throughput may appear normal during brief observation even when low optical receive power causes intermittent physical errors. It does not directly measure the optical receive level in dBm as supported transceiver DOM telemetry does.
C:A tagged VLAN restriction is independent of the requested transceiver optical receive level.
D:Routing metrics do not expose the module’s digital optical monitoring readings.
Question 45
A service request says Gi1/0/2 has no link after a change. The running configuration may include `shutdown`, so which management/line-status condition should be checked before blaming the cable?
- Read only the Ethernet CRC counter on the down interface
- Increase the negotiated speed setting without reading shutdown state
- Check a remote IPv4 destination route rather than interface state
- Review administrative-down state and shutdown configuration
Explanation
Correct Answer
D:An administratively disabled interface cannot carry frames regardless of cable quality.
Incorrect Answers
A:An administratively disabled interface may have no live traffic, so CRC counts cannot establish shutdown configuration.
B:Changing speed does not enable a port administratively disabled by shutdown.
C:Remote route availability cannot distinguish a locally disabled interface from a cable failure.
Question 46
A TCP session has received bytes 1000 through 1499 correctly, then loses the segment containing bytes 1500 through 1999, while a later segment arrives. The application requires reliable in-order byte delivery. Which TCP mechanism repairs the missing range?
- The receiver advertises a larger window and treats unreceived bytes as acknowledged
- The sender uses acknowledgments or selective acknowledgments to identify missing bytes and retransmits them
- The sender turns off sequencing and allows delivery of the later stream as independent UDP datagrams
- The three-way SYN handshake repeats for each missing application byte
Explanation
Correct Answer
B:TCP sequence and acknowledgment state lets the sender detect the gap and retransmit the missing bytes before ordered stream delivery continues.
Incorrect Answers
A:Flow control cannot declare missing bytes successfully received; increasing the advertised window alone does not recover lost sequence data.
C:TCP reliability cannot be replaced by an implicit conversion into UDP; that would change the transport service and lose the stated guarantee.
D:SYN setup establishes the initial connection but does not rerun for each lost data segment or provide the data-retransmission operation.
Question 47
A real-time conferencing application deliberately drops late voice frames and performs its own loss concealment. It needs a transport without mandatory retransmission of lost application packets. Which transport design fits?
- UDP datagrams with loss/jitter handling in the application
- TCP with mandatory in-order recovery for every missing byte
- TCP receive-window tuning without changing its retransmission behavior
- TCP with selective acknowledgments to request additional lost segments
Explanation
Correct Answer
A:UDP supplies a connectionless datagram service without transport-level retransmissions; the application can handle late or missing media according to its real-time needs.
Incorrect Answers
B:TCP restores lost segments and ordered delivery, which can delay later bytes when packets are missing.
C:Receive-window tuning controls flow, not the reliability and retransmission semantics specified in the question.
D:Selective acknowledgments help TCP identify missing data for retransmission; they do not turn it into an unretransmitted datagram transport.
Question 48
During a packet capture, a client sends SYN, a server replies SYN-ACK, and the client sends ACK before its first application payload. Which TCP procedure does this three-message exchange represent?
- TCP’s retransmission of an already established connection after an unacknowledged data segment
- Identify TCP connection establishment
- UDP socket creation that requires a three-message datagram handshake
- TCP receive-window flow control that advertises how much payload the server can buffer
Explanation
Correct Answer
B:TCP’s SYN, SYN-ACK, ACK exchange negotiates a connection and initial sequence state before ordinary application payload transfer. UDP does not perform a transport-layer handshake, and TCP flow control happens after the connection exists.
Incorrect Answers
A:Retransmission repairs lost data in an established stream; the three observed setup flags establish initial sequence state instead.
C:UDP itself supplies no SYN, SYN-ACK or ACK transport handshake and does not create connection state from these flags.
D:A receive window limits in-flight data after establishment; it does not explain the specific SYN/SYN-ACK/ACK opening sequence.
Question 49
A monitoring application must transmit a single UDP datagram to a configured IPv4 multicast group so that several subscribed receivers can process it. Which transport/addressing combination is appropriate?
- Create one separate TCP stream to the multicast group address
- Use UDP datagrams addressed to the IPv4 multicast group, with receivers joined to that group
- Send a TCP SYN to 239.10.10.10 and rely on the TCP handshake to register each receiver
- Use ordinary unicast UDP to one receiver and assume routers will replicate it automatically to unrelated hosts
Explanation
Correct Answer
B:UDP supports group-addressed datagrams; IP multicast forwarding can deliver them to group members when the network is configured appropriately.
Incorrect Answers
A:TCP connections use unicast endpoints; a single TCP connection to a multicast group is not the required one-to-many datagram service.
C:A TCP three-way handshake is not how multicast receivers join a group and TCP does not create the proposed group connection.
D:Unicast datagrams target one address and are not spontaneously replicated to other hosts as an IP multicast group service.
Question 50
A high-speed TCP sender can overwhelm a small receiving application's buffer. The receiver advertises a changing window in ACK segments; which transport mechanism limits outstanding bytes according to that window?
- Use TCP congestion-window slow start as a substitute for the peer receive window
- Use TCP selective acknowledgment to identify only missing sequence ranges
- Use TCP retransmission timers to resend lost segments regardless of receiving buffer space
- Use TCP receive-window flow control
Explanation
Correct Answer
D:The TCP receive window (rwnd) advertises receiver buffer availability. The sender constrains unacknowledged data to the allowed window, also subject to congestion control.
Incorrect Answers
A:Congestion-window control protects the network against excessive traffic, whereas the receiving host advertises its own available buffer capacity using a separate receive window.
B:Selective acknowledgment improves identification of received and missing data after loss, but it does not convey how much outstanding data the receiver can buffer.
C:Retransmission recovers lost segments; by itself it does not limit the sender to the receive capacity explicitly advertised in ACKs.
Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) (200-301) Practice Tests