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Question 50
A high-speed TCP sender can overwhelm a small receiving application's buffer. The receiver advertises a changing window in ACK segments; which transport mechanism limits outstanding bytes according to that window?
- Use TCP congestion-window slow start as a substitute for the peer receive window
- Use TCP selective acknowledgment to identify only missing sequence ranges
- Use TCP retransmission timers to resend lost segments regardless of receiving buffer space
- Use TCP receive-window flow control
Explanation
Correct Answer
D:The TCP receive window (rwnd) advertises receiver buffer availability. The sender constrains unacknowledged data to the allowed window, also subject to congestion control.
Incorrect Answers
A:Congestion-window control protects the network against excessive traffic, whereas the receiving host advertises its own available buffer capacity using a separate receive window.
B:Selective acknowledgment improves identification of received and missing data after loss, but it does not convey how much outstanding data the receiver can buffer.
C:Retransmission recovers lost segments; by itself it does not limit the sender to the receive capacity explicitly advertised in ACKs.
Question 51
An existing HTTP/1.1 server and HTTP/2 client use the conventional reliable ordered byte stream over port 443 rather than HTTP/3 over QUIC. Which transport service carries this connection?
- Use UDP datagrams with application-level reordering as a substitute for the standard HTTP/2 transport
- Use SCTP associations as the required transport for ordinary HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/2 connections
- Use TCP as the traditional HTTP/1.1 or HTTP/2 transport
- Use QUIC over UDP as if the requested session were HTTP/3
Explanation
Correct Answer
C:Traditional HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/2 connections over TLS use TCP, which supplies ordered reliable stream delivery; HTTP/3 instead uses QUIC over UDP.
Incorrect Answers
A:UDP has no inherent reliable ordered byte stream and is not the conventional transport for the specified HTTP/1.1 or HTTP/2 session.
B:SCTP can provide reliable message transport but is not the standard transport of the HTTP/1.1 or HTTP/2 client-server connection stated.
D:QUIC typically carries HTTP/3 and uses UDP. The question explicitly excludes HTTP/3 and identifies the conventional HTTP/2 reliable byte-stream connection.
Question 52
A normal stub DNS resolver sends a compact UDP question to a recursive resolver and no zone transfer or oversized TCP retry is involved. What transport/port does that initial query typically use?
- Use TCP destination port 53 as a compulsory first choice for every small stub DNS lookup
- Use UDP port 53 for ordinary DNS queries
- Use UDP destination port 67, which is reserved for DHCP servers
- Use UDP port 5353 for ordinary unicast recursive lookups rather than multicast DNS
Explanation
Correct Answer
B:A compact standard stub DNS request typically goes from an ephemeral source port to UDP destination port 53 at the configured recursive resolver; DNS can also use TCP when appropriate.
Incorrect Answers
A:DNS supports TCP, but the question specifies a small normal stub query using UDP; TCP 53 is not mandatory for every initial ordinary lookup.
C:UDP 67 is the DHCPv4 server port, not the normal resolver destination for DNS queries.
D:UDP port 5353 is associated with multicast DNS; it is not the specified standard unicast recursive-resolver query on UDP 53.
Question 53
In a packet capture, a segment has source and destination ports, total datagram length and checksum but no TCP sequence or ACK numbers. Which transport header is present?
- A TCP header that carries sequence, acknowledgment, window and flag fields
- An ICMPv6 header containing type, code and checksum rather than transport ports
- An SCTP common header containing a verification tag instead of the indicated UDP-length layout
- Identify the UDP header with ports, length and checksum
Explanation
Correct Answer
D:The standard UDP header has source port, destination port, length and checksum, and it omits TCP sequence and ACK numbers.
Incorrect Answers
A:TCP includes sequence and acknowledgment numbers and control flags in addition to its ports; the missing fields rule out the normal TCP header format.
B:ICMPv6 provides message type and code information, not the source/destination UDP port pair and UDP datagram-length field described.
C:SCTP uses source/destination ports with a verification tag and checksum, but not the four-field UDP header with the specified length field.
Question 54
A capture shows a lost byte range, duplicate ACK evidence and the sender retransmitting only missing sequence data in an ordered session. Which transport reliability mechanism explains the behavior?
- Repeat the TCP SYN/SYN-ACK/ACK handshake for each lost data byte
- Increase the TCP advertised receive window and declare the missing bytes delivered
- Switch the established stream to connectionless UDP with no transport recovery
- Identify TCP acknowledgment and retransmission
Explanation
Correct Answer
D:TCP uses cumulative ACK information, often augmented by SACK or duplicate ACK/loss detection, to retransmit missing sequence data while preserving ordered byte-stream delivery.
Incorrect Answers
A:Connection establishment normally occurs at the beginning of the TCP session; retransmission of a lost segment does not require a fresh SYN handshake per byte.
B:The receive window provides flow control, not a declaration that missing data has arrived; the lost sequence range still needs recovery.
C:An established TCP connection does not silently become UDP, and UDP itself does not provide TCP sequence-based reliable retransmission.
Question 55
A low-latency application uses UDP and needs sequence ordering for its own datagrams. Which design responsibility must the application assume because UDP does not supply built-in ordered reliable delivery?
- Assume every UDP header includes a TCP-style sequence number and retransmission counter
- Use UDP plus ordering logic in the application if required
- Expect the receiver to send TCP selective ACKs for every UDP datagram automatically
- Rely on the Ethernet frame check sequence to restore lost UDP datagram order
Explanation
Correct Answer
B:An application requiring ordered delivery over UDP must define its own sequence identifiers, buffering/reordering, and any needed loss handling because UDP provides datagrams without an ordered reliable stream.
Incorrect Answers
A:The UDP header contains ports, length and checksum, not a built-in ordered sequence or TCP-style retransmission mechanism.
C:TCP SACK is a TCP connection feature and is not automatically generated for unrelated UDP datagrams.
D:The Ethernet FCS detects corrupted frames on a link; it does not track or reorder application UDP datagrams across an IP path.
Question 56
A branch PC has IPv4 address 10.20.5.77/26. Which route prefix represents the directly connected LAN?
- 10.20.5.128/26
- 10.20.5.0/26
- 10.20.5.64/26
- 10.20.5.64/27
Explanation
Correct Answer
C:A /26 has blocks of 64 addresses; .77 falls inside 10.20.5.64–10.20.5.127.
Incorrect Answers
A:The third /26 begins at .128, above the host address.
B:The first /26 ends at .63 and cannot contain .77.
D:A /27 beginning at .64 includes .77, but it uses a 27-bit prefix rather than the configured /26.
Question 57
A technician receives 192.168.18.128/27 for a new switch VLAN. Which IPv4 address is the subnet broadcast?
- 192.168.18.191
- 192.168.18.160
- 192.168.18.159
- 192.168.18.158
Explanation
Correct Answer
C:A /27 holds 32 addresses, so the .128 network ends at .159.
Incorrect Answers
A:The .191 address broadcasts the next /27 block, not .128/27.
B:The .160 address starts the following /27 network.
D:The .158 address is the last ordinary usable host, not broadcast.
Question 58
A server interface must use the highest assignable IPv4 host in 172.16.44.64/28. Which address is valid?
- 172.16.44.78
- 172.16.44.65
- 172.16.44.77
- 172.16.44.79
Explanation
Correct Answer
A:A /28 occupies .64–.79; .79 is broadcast, leaving .78 as the highest usable host.
Incorrect Answers
B:This is the first usable host address, not the last.
C:This is usable but is not the highest available host address.
D:This is the directed broadcast address for the /28.
Question 59
A switch SVI is assigned the first usable address on 10.40.9.192/26. What IP should be configured?
- 10.40.9.193
- 10.40.9.194
- 10.40.9.192
- 10.40.9.255
Explanation
Correct Answer
A:The network starts at .192; .193 is the first usable host of this /26.
Incorrect Answers
B:This is the second usable host rather than the first.
C:A conventional /26 reserves its all-zero host address as the network identifier.
D:The final address in this /26 is its directed broadcast.
Question 60
An IT team allocates an ordinary IPv4 /27 to employee endpoints. How many usable host addresses does it provide?
- 31
- 62
- 30
- 32
Explanation
Correct Answer
C:A /27 has 5 host bits and 32 total addresses; subtract network and broadcast to get 30.
Incorrect Answers
A:One of the two reserved conventional /27 addresses remains incorrectly counted.
B:That is the conventional usable-host count of a /26, not a /27.
D:This counts the network identifier and directed broadcast as assignable hosts.
Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) (200-301) Practice Tests