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Question 330
A router displays `S* 0.0.0.0/0 [1/0] via 192.0.2.1` in `show ip route`. What does the `S*` route-code prefix convey?
- It is a static route that is a candidate default route
- It is an OSPF-learned local interface host route
- It is a directly connected network with a /32 host prefix
- It is a RIP route that can only be used after an OSPF failure
Explanation
Correct Answer
A:S denotes static; the asterisk marks a candidate default route. The /0 destination confirms this is the fallback prefix.
Incorrect Answers
B:OSPF entries use O-related codes, and local interface host routes use L; neither is represented by S*.
C:Connected prefixes use C and local host addresses use L, not a static candidate-default code.
D:RIP routes use R and the asterisk does not imply a dynamic protocol failover policy.
Question 331
Router R1 has `ip address 10.80.6.1 255.255.255.0` configured under GigabitEthernet0/1, but `show ip interface brief` reports this interface as administratively down/down. Why is there no connected `C 10.80.6.0/24` route in `show ip route`?
- An administratively shut interface is not an operational Layer 3 connection, so its connected route cannot be installed
- Cisco IOS always hides connected routes from `show ip route` unless the `static` filter is added
- The router must also configure `ip route 10.80.6.0 255.255.255.0 GigabitEthernet0/1` to create any connected entry
- Every directly attached IPv4 subnet requires an OSPF neighbor before a connected route can exist
Explanation
Correct Answer
A:A connected route depends on the Layer 3 interface being usable; `shutdown` leaves the configured address present but the physical/logical interface down.
Incorrect Answers
B:The ordinary route table includes `C` connected routes when installed; `static` is a different source filter and would not make a shut port operational.
C:A functioning addressed interface automatically installs its connected prefix; a separate static route is neither required nor a substitute for enabling the interface.
D:OSPF is a dynamic route-exchange protocol. Locally connected networks can be installed without any OSPF adjacency.
Question 332
Cisco IOS displays `O 10.90.8.0/24 [110/30] via 192.0.2.2, 00:00:42, GigabitEthernet0/0`. What does `00:00:42` describe in this installed route entry?
- A guarantee that packets to the prefix will take 42 milliseconds to arrive
- The number of seconds since the routing information for that path was last updated
- A 42-second remaining DHCP lease on the router egress interface
- The administrative distance, which overrides the first bracket value
Explanation
Correct Answer
B:IOS route output uses elapsed route-update time after the next hop to help operators assess route freshness. It is separate from the AD/metric pair `[110/30]`.
Incorrect Answers
A:The time field is not a per-packet latency measurement. Forwarding delay depends on queuing, link conditions, and traffic paths, not the route age.
C:DHCP lease state is not encoded as this route-table age field, and the route was learned with an OSPF source code.
D:The first bracket number is administrative distance 110; `00:00:42` is in a later field and represents elapsed update time.
Question 333
R1 receives the same destination prefix 10.70.4.0/24 from internal EIGRP with AD 90 and from OSPF with AD 110. Both next hops resolve, and neither protocol has a customized distance. Which route source should appear for that prefix in the installed IOS routing table?
- OSPF, because a lower routing-protocol metric always overrides administrative distance across protocols
- Both sources are always installed as equal-cost paths because the prefix lengths match
- Internal EIGRP, because its AD 90 is lower than OSPF AD 110 for this identical prefix
- RIP, because Cisco automatically converts any conflicting route to a distance-vector entry
Explanation
Correct Answer
C:With both candidate routes usable, the lower default AD of internal EIGRP wins installation for that exact /24. Forwarding uses the installed route.
Incorrect Answers
A:Metrics from different routing protocols are not generally comparable; the route source with better administrative distance wins for the identical prefix.
B:Two candidates with different administrative distances do not automatically become equal-cost multipath entries in the same routing table.
D:RIP is not part of this scenario and is never an automatic conversion mechanism for OSPF/EIGRP entries.
Question 334
Within one OSPF process, a router learns the same 10.90.0.0/16 prefix as an intra-area route (`O`) with cost 90 and an interarea route (`O IA`) with cost 15. Both candidates are otherwise valid. Which OSPF path type is preferred?
- The interarea path, because metric 15 is numerically smaller than 90
- The intra-area OSPF path, because OSPF path-type preference ranks intra-area ahead of interarea within the same process
- Both paths, because O and O IA are always equal-cost regardless of metrics
- Neither path, because different OSPF path types cannot advertise the same prefix
Explanation
Correct Answer
B:An OSPF intra-area route outranks an OSPF interarea route to the same destination within the same OSPF process, even with a higher numeric cost.
Incorrect Answers
A:OSPF compares path type before cost here; the lower interarea cost does not override the intra-area path-type preference inside the same process.
C:Equal-cost multipath does not combine different preferred OSPF route types merely because two candidates exist.
D:A router may know both intra-area and interarea candidates for a prefix, but path-type selection chooses the preferred one.
Question 335
An IOS router using RIPv2 receives an update advertising prefix 10.60.9.0/24 with RIP hop-count metric 16. What is the appropriate routing interpretation of this advertised metric?
- The path is reachable with 16 hops because 16 is the largest usable RIP metric
- The prefix must be installed as a static route with AD 16
- Metric 16 represents RIP infinity/unreachability; it is not a usable path to install for forwarding
- The update establishes an OSPF external type 2 route with cost 16
Explanation
Correct Answer
C:RIP uses hop-count metric 16 as unreachable/infinity, often to poison a failed path and help suppress loops.
Incorrect Answers
A:RIP supports reachable hop counts only up to 15. At 16 the route is treated as unreachable rather than as the longest permitted path.
B:A RIP hop metric does not convert a learned route into a static route or become its administrative distance.
D:An OSPF external advertisement is unrelated to this RIPv2 route metric; route types are not automatically converted.
Question 336
`show ip route` contains `S 203.0.113.9/32 via 192.0.2.2`, an exception for one host without covering its adjacent addresses. What prefix type is /32 in IPv4 routing?
- A /32 host route
- A /24 network route covering all 256 addresses in a subnet
- A default route /0 for traffic to every unmatched network
- A summary /16 aggregating multiple /24 networks
Explanation
Correct Answer
A:An IPv4 /32 specifies all 32 address bits and matches one destination address.
Incorrect Answers
B:A /24 is broader and includes many destinations; a /32 matches precisely one IPv4 address.
C:A default route is the broadest possible prefix, opposite the specified single-host exception.
D:A /16 aggregates a much larger block and cannot represent only 203.0.113.9.
Question 337
A route table entry `S* 0.0.0.0/0 via 192.0.2.1` is used only when no more-specific installed prefix matches. Which route category does the /0 represent?
- A /32 host-specific route for the next-hop address
- A /0 default route
- A connected /24 network whose subnet address is 0.0.0.0
- An OSPF inter-area route to the provider LAN
Explanation
Correct Answer
B:A /0 contains no fixed destination bits and is the least-specific route.
Incorrect Answers
A:A /32 matches one IP address; the destination 0.0.0.0/0 instead matches any destination as fallback.
C:The all-zero /0 prefix does not identify a normal directly connected network.
D:S* denotes a static candidate default route, not an OSPF inter-area advertisement.
Question 338
After an Ethernet interface comes up with 10.20.30.1/24, IOS installs the 10.20.30.0/24 network without any manual `ip route`. Which route-source category identifies that prefix?
- A connected network route
- An administratively configured static route even though no ip route exists
- An OSPF learned route based on a neighbor LSA
- A host-only /32 local route for the interface address
Explanation
Correct Answer
A:An active interface IP subnet can install a connected prefix automatically.
Incorrect Answers
B:The router derived 10.20.30.0/24 from the active interface, so this is connected-source state.
C:No routing-protocol advertisement is needed to install a connected prefix from its own interface.
D:IOS may also install a separate local /32, but the situation calls for the complete /24 subnet route.
Question 339
An IOS route entry for 172.16.0.0/16 includes `via 192.0.2.2`, while another is directly connected. Which route-entry type explicitly names the adjacent forwarding router?
- A directly connected C route without a via address
- A via next-hop route entry
- A local L /32 route associated with this router’s interface IP
- A static route with only an exit-interface and no next-hop IP
Explanation
Correct Answer
B:The via address is the upstream forwarding target for matching destinations.
Incorrect Answers
A:A connected route is attached to a local interface rather than explicitly naming a separate adjacent router.
C:The local host route identifies the router’s address, not a neighboring forwarding router.
D:An exit-only route does not explicitly identify an adjacent forwarding router by IP.
Question 340
Two OSPF paths to the same installed network have different cost values; `show ip route` brackets show `[110/30]`. What does the second bracket value represent in route selection?
- The first number, administrative distance 110, which ranks route sources
- The 16-bit destination prefix length, shown separately as /16
- A metric field attached to its route source
- The next-hop address following via, used for forwarding adjacency
Explanation
Correct Answer
C:In IOS [AD/metric] notation, the second value is the routing protocol metric; here OSPF path cost is 30.
Incorrect Answers
A:The first bracket value is administrative distance, indicating route-source preference, not the second-position OSPF cost.
B:The prefix length is the /16 in the destination network, not the numeric metric inside [110/30].
D:The next-hop address appears in the via field of the route entry; it is a forwarding IP address, not an OSPF cost number.
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