GRE Percentiles Explained: How to Understand Your Score
If you are planning to take the GRE for graduate school applications, you have likely encountered the term “GRE percentiles.” Understanding GRE percentiles is crucial because they offer insight into how your score compares to those of other test takers. This guide will explain how GRE percentiles are calculated, what they mean, and how they are used in the admissions process.
In this first part, we will start by reviewing the basics of GRE scoring. We will explore the structure of the GRE exam, the scoring system for each section, and the relationship between scores and percentiles. This foundational knowledge will help you make sense of the more detailed discussions in the later parts.
The GRE General Test is divided into three main sections: Analytical Writing, Verbal Reasoning, and Quantitative Reasoning. Each section evaluates different skills that graduate schools consider important.
The Analytical Writing section assesses your ability to articulate complex ideas clearly and effectively, support arguments with relevant reasons and examples, and examine claims and evidence. This section consists of two separately timed writing tasks: an “Issue” essay and an “Argument” essay.
Scores in this section range from 0 to 6, in half-point increments. The scoring is based on the quality of your writing, including the clarity of your ideas, grammar, vocabulary, and overall coherence.
The Verbal Reasoning section tests your ability to analyze and evaluate written material, synthesize information obtained from it, and understand the meanings of words, sentences, and entire passages. This section includes reading comprehension, text completion, and sentence equivalence questions.
Verbal Reasoning scores range from 130 to 170 in one-point increments. The higher your score, the stronger your verbal skills are considered to be.
The Quantitative Reasoning section measures your problem-solving ability using basic concepts of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, and data analysis. It tests your quantitative reasoning skills rather than advanced math knowledge.
Quantitative Reasoning scores also range from 130 to 170, with one-point increments.
The total GRE score is the sum of the Verbal Reasoning and Quantitative Reasoning scores. Since each section ranges from 130 to 170, the total score ranges from 260 to 340.
It is important to note that the Analytical Writing score is reported separately and is not included in the total GRE score.
Each GRE score corresponds to a percentile rank. A percentile rank indicates the percentage of test takers who scored lower than you. For example, if your Verbal Reasoning score is in the 81st percentile, it means you scored better than 81 percent of all test takers on that section.
This ranking helps put your performance into perspective. Since the GRE is a competitive test, knowing how your score compares to others can help you understand your standing in the applicant pool.
Graduate schools use percentiles to interpret GRE scores in context. Two applicants may have the same GRE score, but if one score corresponds to a higher percentile in a more competitive testing year, that applicant’s performance may be seen as stronger.
Percentiles also help admissions committees compare scores across different years and applicant groups, making them a valuable tool for evaluation.
The organization that administers the GRE calculates percentiles by analyzing scores from the most recent three testing years. Each testing year runs from July 1 of one year to June 30 of the next year.
To determine the percentile for a specific score, they find the percentage of test takers whose scores are lower than that score. For example, if 81 percent of test takers scored below a Verbal score of 159, then 159 is in the 81st percentile.
Because percentiles are based on data from a rolling three-year window, they are updated annually. This ensures that percentile rankings reflect recent testing trends and populations.
Suppose a Verbal score of 159 is in the 81st percentile. This means that if you scored 159, you performed better than 81 out of every 100 test takers in the Verbal section.
Similarly, if a Quantitative score of 165 is in the 76th percentile, that score is higher than 76 percent of test takers’ Quant scores.
The latest official data shows the percentile ranks for Verbal Reasoning and Quantitative Reasoning scores. Below is a summary of the percentile rankings for each score in both sections.
Scores near the top of the range, such as 170 and 169, correspond to the 99th percentile, meaning only about 1 percent of test takers score that high. As scores decrease, percentiles fall accordingly. For example, a score of 160 is around the 84th percentile, while a score of 150 corresponds to approximately the 41st percentile.
Quantitative Reasoning percentiles differ somewhat from Verbal percentiles. For instance, a perfect score of 170 corresponds to about the 94th percentile, which is lower than the 99th percentile for a 170 in Verbal. A score of 165 is around the 76th percentile, and a score of 150 corresponds to about the 30th percentile.
This discrepancy reflects differences in the score distributions and difficulty levels between the two sections.
Analytical Writing percentiles range from 0 to 6, with most test takers scoring above 3.0. A score of 6.0 corresponds to the 99th percentile, while a 4.0 score is around the 56th percentile.
Because the Analytical Writing score is reported separately and is not combined with the other scores, it has its own percentile scale. Understanding the structure of the GRE and the way scores correspond to percentiles is essential for interpreting your performance on the exam. The GRE measures verbal, quantitative, and writing skills separately, and each section has its own scoring and percentile ranking.
Percentiles indicate how your score compares to others and are updated annually based on recent testing data. They provide graduate schools with a context for evaluating GRE scores beyond the raw numbers.
Unlike the individual Verbal and Quantitative sections, the Educational Testing Service (ETS) does not provide official percentiles for the total GRE score, which is the sum of the Verbal and Quantitative scores. However, it is possible to estimate total score percentiles by combining the percentile ranks from the two sections.
Because the total score is simply the sum of the Verbal and Quantitative scores (each ranging from 130 to 170), understanding the percentile rank of each component score helps provide insight into the percentile of the combined score.
ETS releases percentiles for the Verbal and Quantitative sections separately because these scores represent different skill sets and have different score distributions. The combined total score percentile is more complex to calculate accurately because it depends on the joint distribution of Verbal and Quantitative scores, which is not publicly available in detail.
Applicants’ Verbal and Quantitative performances often vary, meaning a high score in one section does not guarantee a similarly high score in the other. Therefore, calculating a precise total score percentile requires knowledge of how Verbal and Quantitative scores correlate, information only ETS has.
One practical method to estimate your total score percentile is to average the percentiles of your Verbal and Quantitative scores. For example, if your Verbal score is at the 73rd percentile and your Quantitative score is at the 76th percentile, averaging these yields approximately 74.5 percent, suggesting your total score is near the 75th percentile.
Keep in mind, this method is a simplification. It assumes an even distribution of Verbal and Quantitative abilities, which is not always the case, but it provides a reasonable estimate.
Consider a test taker who scores 157 on Verbal and 165 on Quantitative. The 157 Verbal score corresponds to the 73rd percentile, and the 165 Quant score corresponds to the 76th percentile. Averaging these gives roughly the 75th percentile for the total score, which adds up to 322 (157 + 165).
Thus, a total score around 320-325 typically places test takers in the top quarter of GRE test takers.
Estimations do not account for the interaction between scores. Some test takers may have an exceptionally high Verbal score and a moderate Quant score, or vice versa, which shifts the combined percentile. Also, because the distribution of scores changes over time, these estimates are approximate and should be treated as guidelines rather than exact measures.
Graduate schools and admissions committees use GRE percentiles as a tool to interpret scores in a meaningful context. Percentiles help schools compare applicants fairly by showing how a score ranks relative to all GRE test takers.
A total GRE score of 318 may seem impressive at first glance because it is closer to the maximum score of 340 than to the minimum of 260. However, knowing where 318 falls in the distribution of scores provides deeper insight.
For example, a 318 total score might place an applicant in roughly the 70th percentile, meaning that they scored better than 70 percent of test takers. This percentile helps admissions officers evaluate competitiveness.
Schools often look at individual Verbal and Quantitative percentiles alongside the total score. This allows them to assess a candidate’s strengths and weaknesses more precisely. For programs emphasizing quantitative skills, such as engineering or computer science, the Quantitative percentile may carry more weight.
GRE percentiles are one part of a comprehensive application review. Admissions committees consider undergraduate GPA, letters of recommendation, personal statements, and work experience alongside GRE scores. Percentiles provide additional context but do not solely determine admissions decisions.
Some graduate programs accept both GRE and GMAT scores. Because the two exams differ in structure and scoring scales, admissions officers rely on percentile ranks to compare applicants fairly. Percentiles normalize scores across tests, allowing for a more equitable comparison between GRE and GMAT scores.
Some programs establish benchmark GRE scores as minimum requirements for admission. These benchmarks often correspond to specific percentiles, ensuring applicants meet a particular standard of proficiency. For example, a program might require applicants to score at or above the 50th percentile in both Verbal and Quantitative sections.
GRE percentiles are not fixed and can change annually. Many test takers notice that their percentile rank fluctuates even when their raw score remains the same. Understanding the reasons behind these changes can help reduce confusion.
ETS calculates percentiles using scores from the most recent three testing years. Every July, ETS updates the percentile rankings based on the new data. This rolling window ensures percentiles reflect current trends among test takers.
Because the pool of test takers changes over time in size, demographics, and ability levels, percentile ranks for the same raw scores can increase or decrease annually.
One major factor influencing percentile shifts is the rise of test-optional admissions policies. Many graduate programs no longer require GRE scores for all applicants, which changes the composition of test takers.
With test reporting optional, applicants who expect to perform well on the GRE are more likely to take the test, while those with lower anticipated scores may opt out. This increases the proportion of high scores, pushing percentile thresholds higher and causing percentiles for the same raw scores to drop.
More applicants from business schools, law schools, and other highly competitive programs have begun taking the GRE. These applicants tend to perform well, which raises the overall score distribution and contributes to percentile decreases.
Over the years, GRE test preparation resources and strategies have improved significantly. Many test takers today enter the exam better prepared, resulting in higher average scores. This shift in test-taker ability also causes changes in percentile rankings.
Percentile changes do not mean your score is less valuable. Instead, they reflect evolving trends in the test-taking population. Admissions committees are aware of these changes and interpret scores accordingly.
If your percentile changes between reporting periods, it is usually due to updates in the scoring pool rather than changes in your performance.
Some standardized tests apply a scoring curve to adjust scores based on the difficulty of the test on a given day. However, GRE scores are not curved in the traditional sense.
Curving involves adjusting raw scores so that a fixed percentage of test takers achieve certain scores, which helps compensate for test difficulty. Tests like the SAT or ACT sometimes use this method to ensure fairness across different test administrations.
ETS designs the GRE to maintain consistent scoring standards regardless of when the test is taken. This consistency means that a raw score translates to the same scaled score across different testing sessions.
ETS uses statistical methods to equate scores across different test forms but does not adjust scores to force a specific score distribution.
ETS employs a process called score equating, which accounts for minor variations in difficulty across different test versions. This ensures that a score on one version of the GRE is comparable to the same score on another version.
Score equating is different from curving because it does not aim to produce a fixed distribution but rather maintains score fairness and validity.
Because there is no curve, taking the GRE at different times of the year does not inherently give an advantage or disadvantage in scoring. The best preparation and consistent performance remain the key to achieving a high GRE score.
Given that GRE scores are not curved and scoring standards are consistent, there is no specific time of year that maximizes your score.
Your performance depends primarily on your preparation level and familiarity with the exam format. Taking the GRE when you feel ready and confident is more important than timing it based on the calendar.
GRE testing centers operate year-round, and you can schedule your test date to fit your application timeline. Plan your exam date to allow sufficient time for preparation, retaking the test if necessary, and submitting scores before application deadlines.
Some test takers prefer to avoid testing during busy or stressful periods, such as holidays or academic finals, to minimize distractions and stress. Personal circumstances, rather than external factors like test timing, usually have a greater impact on performance.
Understanding GRE percentiles is key to making informed decisions about your graduate school applications and test preparation strategy. Percentiles tell you how your score compares to other test takers, but interpreting what this means can be nuanced.
A percentile rank indicates the percentage of test takers who scored below your score. For example, if your Verbal percentile is 85, it means you scored better than 85 percent of all test takers. Conversely, 15 percent scored equal to or higher.
It is important to remember that the percentile does not tell you the exact number of people you outperformed—only the proportion relative to the whole testing population.
GRE percentiles reflect how your score compares to others in a given testing period. This means they are relative rankings, not absolute measures of ability.
For instance, a Quantitative score of 165 has hovered around the 76th percentile in recent years. But if the overall test-taking population becomes stronger or weaker, that percentile can shift even if the raw score remains constant.
Knowing your current percentile can help you set achievable score targets. If your practice test scores put you at the 60th percentile but your target schools expect applicants in the 85th percentile or higher, you understand how much improvement is needed.
Similarly, if your current scores place you near the 90th percentile, further improvement might yield diminishing returns relative to your time investment.
Graduate schools often consider both your raw GRE scores and percentiles during admissions. Raw scores show your absolute performance, while percentiles provide context.
For programs with competitive admissions, percentiles can be more informative because they reflect the applicant pool’s overall strength. However, some programs specify minimum raw score cutoffs, so both metrics matter.
Schools may weigh Verbal and Quantitative percentiles differently depending on their program’s focus. For example, humanities programs typically value Verbal percentiles more, while STEM fields emphasize Quantitative percentiles.
Understanding how your chosen programs interpret percentiles can guide your preparation focus.
GRE percentiles can be powerful tools for developing your graduate school application strategy—from selecting target schools to deciding whether to retake the test.
Many graduate programs publish average GRE scores or percentile ranges of admitted students. Use this data to benchmark your scores.
If a program admits students with Quantitative percentiles above the 80th percentile, scoring at the 60th percentile in Quantitative might weaken your application.
If your Verbal percentile is significantly higher than your Quantitative percentile, consider applying to programs that emphasize verbal skills.
Conversely, a strong Quantitative percentile can compensate for lower Verbal scores in STEM programs. Highlight your strengths in your statements and interviews.
If your percentiles fall below your target program’s averages, consider retaking the GRE, especially if you believe you can improve through additional study.
Use your percentile ranks to evaluate potential score gains. For example, increasing your Quantitative percentile from the 50th to the 75th percentile can significantly boost your application competitiveness.
Many schools allow you to submit only your best GRE scores. Use percentile information to decide which test attempts to send.
Avoid sending scores with low percentiles that may weaken your application unless required.
If your GRE scores have lower percentiles but you excel in other areas, use your statement of purpose or letters of recommendation to provide context.
Explain how your GRE scores do not fully capture your skills or potential, especially if you have strong academic or professional achievements.
Several myths about GRE percentiles can confuse test takers. Clarifying these misconceptions helps you better use percentile information.
Not necessarily. Due to annual shifts in test-taker populations, a raw score that earned you the 85th percentile last year might now correspond to the 80th percentile.
Percentiles fluctuate based on relative performance, not raw scores alone.
Percentiles change yearly as ETS updates data based on recent test takers. Expect some variation even if your raw scores stay the same.
While averaging can provide a rough estimate, the actual total percentile depends on the joint distribution of Verbal and Quantitative scores, which is complex.
Some combinations of Verbal and Quant scores are more or less common, affecting total score percentiles.
GRE percentiles are just one part of your application. Admissions committees consider GPA, research experience, essays, and recommendations.
A high GRE percentile improves your chances but does not guarantee admission.
While high percentiles are impressive, many programs accept applicants with percentiles in the 60th or 70th range.
Check specific program requirements rather than focusing only on top percentile benchmarks.
Improving your GRE percentile requires targeted preparation and strategy. The following tips can help you enhance your performance and achieve higher percentiles.
Analyze your practice test scores by section and question type. Identify which areas pull your percentile down.
For example, if your Verbal percentile is significantly lower than your Quantitative percentile, focus more on vocabulary, reading comprehension, and text completion skills.
Official GRE practice tests and questions closely mirror the actual exam’s difficulty and style. Preparing with ETS materials helps improve accuracy and timing, contributing to higher percentiles.
Many test takers lose percentile points due to rushing or leaving questions unanswered. Practice pacing yourself to complete all questions confidently.
Improved time management can boost your accuracy and, consequently, your percentile rank.
Simulating test day conditions helps build endurance and reduces anxiety, allowing you to perform closer to your true ability on the real exam.
Full-length tests also allow you to track percentile progress accurately.
Review common GRE topics that frequently appear and ensure mastery. For example, algebra and geometry basics in Quantitative, or common word roots and prefixes in Verbal.
Targeting high-yield topics helps increase raw scores and percentiles efficiently.
Familiarize yourself with strategies like process of elimination, educated guessing, and identifying question traps.
Effective strategies improve accuracy, which directly impacts percentile rankings.
After each practice test, analyze all mistakes to understand why errors occurred. Avoid repeating the same mistakes, which stagnate percentile growth.
If self-study plateaus, professional courses offer personalized instruction, strategies, and feedback to help push your percentile higher.
Avoid burnout by balancing intense study periods with breaks and rest. Mental fatigue decreases performance and percentile.
ETS allows you to choose which GRE scores to send to schools through ScoreSelect. Send only your highest percentile scores to strengthen your application.
Practice tests are vital for GRE prep, but interpreting your scores requires understanding percentiles.
Some GRE prep companies report their percentile rankings based on their user data, which can differ from official ETS percentiles.
Always refer to the ETS official percentile charts for accurate benchmarking.
Track your percentiles over multiple practice tests to monitor progress objectively. Even if raw scores fluctuate slightly, rising percentiles indicate improving relative performance.
If your practice test percentile is 60, but target schools expect 80+, allocate more time to preparation and focus on weak areas.
Since scoring algorithms and difficulty vary, do not compare percentiles from different test prep platforms directly.
Focus instead on ETS official percentiles and consistent practice tests.
GRE percentiles are an essential metric to understand your relative performance and strategize your graduate school applications effectively. They provide context beyond raw scores and help set realistic goals for improvement.
Interpreting percentiles correctly, using them to guide application choices, debunking myths, and adopting smart preparation strategies will help you maximize your GRE performance.
Graduate Record Examination (GRE) percentiles are a crucial metric in understanding your performance and positioning yourself competitively in graduate admissions. While earlier parts of this series covered the basics of percentiles, their calculation, interpretation, and usage, this comprehensive Part 4 dives deep into advanced strategies and practical advice to help you master your GRE performance from preparation through test day and beyond.
When you receive your GRE scores, the report provides more than just raw scores and percentiles. Fully understanding this report is key to leveraging your GRE results effectively.
Your GRE score report shows:
Each section’s percentile compares your scaled score against other test takers in the most recent three-year period.
Analytical Writing (AW) percentiles differ from Verbal and Quantitative because writing scores are based on human raters and ETS’s automated scoring system. The AW percentile typically shows a lower range compared to Verbal/Quantitative since fewer test takers score highly in writing.
If your Analytical Writing percentile is lower than your Verbal or Quant percentiles, focus on improving essay writing and practicing analytical responses. Many graduate programs require a minimum writing score, so this section is critical even if the emphasis is heavier on verbal or quantitative skills.
You can select which scores and sections to send to institutions via ScoreSelect. Institutions see your percentile ranks, which helps them interpret your scores in context, especially for programs with varying expectations.
Achieving a high percentile requires more than knowledge — it demands strategic preparation, smart study habits, and understanding how the test operates.
Knowing the GRE’s format, question types, and scoring mechanisms can help you prioritize study efforts.
By understanding adaptive testing, you realize the importance of early section performance to maximize your score and percentile.
Begin with a full-length diagnostic GRE test under timed conditions to pinpoint your strengths and weaknesses.
Many GRE mistakes come from misunderstanding concepts rather than test-taking skills.
Simulating test day conditions is essential to accurately gauge your potential percentile.
This preparation builds stamina and mental readiness, reducing anxiety on test day.
After each practice test, review every incorrect or guessed question.
Since the GRE is timed, pacing directly impacts your score and percentile.
ETS official materials should form the core of your prep since they reflect the actual test’s difficulty and style.
Supplement with reputable prep books, apps, and courses, but beware of outdated or poorly aligned materials.
Even with solid preparation, certain challenges can limit your GRE performance. Identifying and overcoming these is essential.
High anxiety can reduce focus and cause careless mistakes.
Solutions:
The GRE’s adaptive nature can intimidate test takers, especially those unfamiliar with the format.
Solutions:
Rushing causes errors; being too slow leaves questions unanswered.
Solutions:
Verbal percentile can lag due to insufficient vocabulary knowledge.
Solutions:
Many test takers struggle with Quantitative due to anxiety or weak math fundamentals.
Solutions:
Performing well on test day is as important as preparation. Here’s how to ensure your best percentile performance on exam day.
The GRE includes a brief tutorial before the test begins.
Understanding and applying GRE percentile information can benefit you beyond the application process.
High GRE percentiles can strengthen scholarship applications and funding negotiations. Some programs offer merit-based funding tied to GRE performance.
Knowing your percentile helps identify areas to strengthen before coursework begins. For instance, a low Quantitative percentile suggests reviewing math fundamentals early in graduate school.
Graduate programs often use GRE scores to identify candidates for teaching assistantships or research positions, roles that can enhance professional growth.
Your percentiles are fixed for your score report, but the percentile rank corresponding to a raw score can change year to year for new test takers.
Both matter. Raw scores determine your scaled scores, but percentiles provide context on competitiveness.
Higher percentiles improve competitiveness but don’t guarantee admission. They are part of a holistic review.
Generally, yes, because percentile shows relative standing, but programs may set minimum raw score requirements.
Achieving a high GRE percentile is a journey that combines understanding the exam’s nature, disciplined preparation, strategic test-taking, and psychological readiness.
By fully grasping your score report, focusing your preparation on weak areas, managing test day effectively, and using percentile knowledge strategically, you can maximize your GRE success and stand out in graduate admissions.
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